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Horse Management > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(151 cards)

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1
Q

Main goal of training

A

to get the horse to make desired response or to stop making undesirable response

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2
Q

Prey Animal

A

horses are prey animals

-they are naturally weary of new objects, sights, and sounds

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3
Q

Senses

A

Horses have Excellent Senses

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4
Q

communication

A

must be mutual

-listen and look for communication signs

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5
Q

Attitude

A

affects training

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6
Q

Individuality

A

horses are individuals
-have different personalities and character:
:fearful, disrespectful, sensitive, skittish, calm/laid back, domineering, clever, lacks confidence, spirited
- genetic potential influences performance
-training technique may need to be adjusted with each horse

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7
Q

Respect

A

respect of handler is very important
-handler is dominant
: controlling movement is the single most important attribute that dictates dominance

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8
Q

Training

A

takes time,
amount of time directly related to difficulty of task and ability of the horse
- may vary from horse to horse

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9
Q

Understand lack of response

A
  • good spirits/lack of attention
  • poor health/physical inability to perform
  • fear or uncertainty
  • intentional disobedience
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10
Q

Learned Behavior

A

horses are always learning
-from horses, the environment, and humans
: trainers manipulate environment by using stimuli and reinforcement relative to the desired response

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11
Q

fundamental to the psychology of training

A

stimuli, responses, reinforcement, and their relationship to each other

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12
Q

Desired response

A

behavior sought out by handler that is desired

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13
Q

Unconditioned response

A

behavior that occurs without practice

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14
Q

Conditioned response

A

behavior that occurs when it is learned

-responses are chained together into maneuvers

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15
Q

Unconditioned Stimuli

A

a stimulus which naturally causes a response with no practice
:very few stimuli will naturally cause the response sought in training

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16
Q

Conditioned Stimuli

A

also called Cues

-a response derived from a stimulus that has been learned through practice

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17
Q

Cues

A

Conditioned Stimuli

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18
Q

Basic Cues

A

simple and obvious cue that communicates to the horse what you want it to do
-present specific cues rather than indiscriminate cue to avoid confusing the horse

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19
Q

Indiscriminate cues

A

several cues put together that confuse the horse

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20
Q

Presenting new cues

A

paired with basic cues to produce a desired response

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21
Q

Preparatory cues

A

cue that alerts the horse that another cue is coming

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22
Q

Types of stimuli

A

natural

artificial

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23
Q

Natural cues

A 
voice
hands
body position
legs
body weight
visual
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24
Q

Artificial cues

A

whips
spurs
training equipment

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25
Primary Reinforcer
most learning requires reinforcement to strengthen the response to certain stimuli -natural reinforcing properties (food and water)
26
Secondary Reinforcer
Learned - acquired over period of time - ex. general acts of kindness, soothing voice, rubbing horse neck etc.
27
Positive Reinforcement
often referred to as reward training | -horse gives desired response and receive reward
28
Negative Reinforcement
a negative condition is stopped or taken away when the desired behavioral response is given
29
Punishment
weakens an undesired behavior because a negative condition is introduced or experienced as a consequence of the undesirable behavior Intensity of Punishment critical and varies with horse -effective punishment must cause the horse to select a desirable alternate habit that leads to a reward
30
Contingent Reinforcement
effective reinforcement is given immediately with relation to response -enables a horse to know what response is being punished or rewarded
31
Non-Contingent Reinforcement
reinforcement given long after desired response attained | -causes a horse to have a general fear and may increase undesirable behavior
32
Schedules of Reinforcement
How often a horse is reinforced
33
Continuous
most desirable responses are reinforced every time - used when training young horses or new behaviors - gradually moves to intermittent
34
Intermittent
horse reinforced at irregular intervals - includes training of most older horses - horse trained with intermittent reinforcement will perform longer with no reinforcement than a continuously reinforced horse
35
Extinction
when no reinforcement is give, horse will stop performing desired response - can be both desired or undesired to have a cue become extinct - may happen when inexperienced riders ride a horse for long periods of time
36
Shaping
behavior is shaped by reinforcing each successive approximation of the desired response -recognizing small responses is paramount
37
Sensitization
horse becomes more reactive or responsive to a stimulus as a result of experience
38
Desensitization
process of gradually reducing an instinctive reaction to a repeated stimulus that has no particular consequence
39
Prolonged Training Session
involve training a horse to fatigue | -does not improve learning
40
Intelligence/Learning
The more effort required, the harder it will be for horse to learn response, and the more practice required -horses that have greater athletic ability should learn faster than those without because less effort required
41
Importance of Disease Prevention
equine diseases can reduce performance, cause economic and personal losses, lower morale of workers, and affect a farm's reputation
42
Horse operations are...
diverse and highly transient = high risk for diseases
43
Equine Prevention goals
- prevent introduction of disease on farm - prevent movement of infectious disease on farm - optimize resistance
44
Health Management Plan
measures taken to reduce likelihood of disease transmission
45
Parts of Health Management plan
``` Daily observances Disease Control Wound Care Dental Care Hoof Care Parasite Control Exercise Records ```
46
Daily Observations
Observe horses at least once daily to determine if they require medical attention -Vital signs and other parameters should be monitored daily
47
Normal Temperature
99.5 - 101.5 Degrees F
48
Normal Heart Rate/Pulse
28-40 Beats/min
49
Normal Respiration Rate
8 to 16 Breaths/min
50
Normal Vital Signs
Normal varies from horse to horse
51
Normal Gut Sounds
Rumbles interspersed with gurgles
52
Normal Digital Pulse
Should be subtle and difficult to feel
53
Skin Pliability Test
Return to normal within seconds
54
Capillary Refill Time
Press thumb against gums to spread blood | -Pink color should return within 2 seconds
55
Mucous Membranes
pale to bubble gum pink, moist (normal)
56
Body Fluids
Defecate ~ every 2 hours ~50 lbs of manure a day Check frequency, color of consistency or urine and manure Red urine is an indication of tying up
57
Hair Coat
Shiny, general healthy look, appropriate hair cover
58
Hoof Condition
``` Hard with slick shiny/ waxy appearance Coronary band moist and resilient Frog pliable and intact Sole should be firm Free of odor ```
59
Body Weight
Should be assessed monthly | -should remain fairly constant
60
Three ways to measure body weight
Scale Weight tape Body length equations
61
Body Condition Scoring
``` Subjective assessment of fat cover -fat accumulates in 6 main places : along the neck : along the withers : tail head : Behind shoulder : Ribs : Crease down back :Flank 1-9 scale 4-6 is ideal ```
62
Body Condition numbers
``` 1- poor 2- very thin 3- thin 4- moderately thin 5- moderate 6- moderate to fleshy 7- fleshy 8- fat 9- extremely fat ```
63
Behavior
Monitor for changes daily - depression - pain - nervousness - sensitivity - performance failure - appetite changes
64
Equine Influenza
Viral Disease Respiratory (fever, cough, green nasal discharge) Highly contagious Spread by direct contact or aerosol -Intranasal vaccine semi-annual to annual
65
Equine Rhinoneumonitis
``` Viral Disease Equine Herpes Virus (2 strains) Spread via direct contact or aerosol Vaccine semi-annual to annual -no vaccine for the neurological form -broodmares get vaccines at 5, 7, 9 months (Pneumobort K killed vaccine) ```
66
EHV 1: Equine Herpes Virus 1
Respiratory -can cause abortions Neurological (modified strain)
67
EHV 4: Equine Herpes Virus 4
Respiratory (common)
68
Equine Infectious Anemia
``` EIA: Viral Disease Anemia Highly Infectious Spread by biting insects (flies) -contaminated needles Tested for by "Coggins" (his test is no longer used though) Required for interstate travel, shows, racing -Sick animals are euthanized -No vaccine (not used in this country: produces antibodies and cant tell who has it) ```
69
Rabies
Viral Disease Neurological Spread by infected secretions of sick animals high risk in wildlife areas vaccinate annually Zoonotic disease - only way to do an infinitive diagnosis is looking at the brain
70
Eastern, Wester, and Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis
``` Viral Disease Neurological- inflammation of the brain Spread by biting insects (mosquitos) Vaccinate Annual -Spring, before mosquito season ```
71
West Nile Virus
``` Viral Disease Neurological Not contagious Spread by biting insects Vaccinate Annually -spring, before mosquito season ```
72
Tetanus
``` Bacterial Disease Clostridium tetani Neurological -muscle stiffness, rigidity Not contagious Spread via contamination of wound, environment Vaccinate annually ```
73
Strangles
``` Bacterial Disease Streptococcus Equi Respiratory -swollen lymph notes Highly contagious Spread by direct contact, aerosol Vaccine semi-annual to annual ```
74
Potomac Horse Fever
``` Bacterial Disease Neorickettsia risticii Intestinal -Diarrhea, Laminitis Spread via fresh water snails, water* Vaccinate semi-annual to annual ```
75
Common Clinical signs of disease
``` Fever Coughing Nasal Discharge Depression Inappetence/ Weight loss Weakness/ incoordination Swollen lymph nodes Colic Dark or light colored mucous membrane ```
76
Vaccinations
``` Administered based on need Usually given in spring and fall Boosters required after first exposure most can be purchased by owner Broodmares vaccinated 4-6 weeks prior to foaling Vaccination not always 100% effective Follow AAEP guidelines ```
77
Quarantine New Horse
for 2 weeks diseases take 7-10 days to show signs de-worm etc. while in quarantine feed "healthy" first
78
Sick horses
Isolate quickly | -never know what it is
79
Health certificate
``` in good health no infectious disease good for 30 days required to travel -done by vet ```
80
High risk horses
horses that travel a lot | house them together
81
Waterways
stop access to waterways | Potomac horse fever and also parasites from fecal matter in water
82
Disinfectants
1 part bleach to 10 parts water Betadine Nolvasan (Chlorohexidine) Lysol
83
Wound Care
early identification and treatment important for successful outcome
84
Nature of the horse
predisposes them to injury - maintain dominance - inquisitive - play - athletic - do not like confinement
85
Abrasion
wound that does not penetrate through the superficial skin layer : can be treated with topical ointment and cleaning as needed
86
Laceration
wound that is through full thickness of skin an has width and length greater than depth :skin usually torn resulting in flaps of skin May require - veterinarian to suture - pain meds - antibiotics
87
Puncture
extends deeper into the tissue than appearance on the surface - high risk of infection - if items lodged, veterinarian attention is required - Danger of tetanus
88
Steps in wound management
``` Control Movement Control Bleeding Evaluate Wound Severity Clean Wound Close Wound Medicate and Bandage Wound ```
89
Control Movement
tie, stocks, humane twitch, chemical restraint
90
Control bleeding
press bandage agains wound if severe | Tourniquet may be needed is severed an artery
91
Evaluate wound severity
determine whether a vet needs to be called | -most lacerations and punctures require veterinarian
92
Clean wound
use mild antiseptic and warm water -remove all dirt and debris Clipping hair may be necessary -cold hosing and anti-inflammatory may be necessary to control inflammation
93
Medicate and Bandage wound
apply topical wound ointment -furazone novalsan ointment
94
Medicate and Bandage Wound
apply: non-stick gauze quilt/cotton bandage/vet wrap
95
Components of First Aid Kit
``` Vitals Cleaning Wound Bandaging Drug Administration Other ```
96
First Aid Kit: Vitals
thermometer petroleum jelly stethoscope
97
First Aid kit: Wound Cleaning
``` clippers betadine scrub and solution gauze 20-35 cc plastic syringes Topical wound ointment latex gloves ```
98
First Aid Kit: Bandaging
``` non-stick gauze rolled cotton quilts bandages vet wrap duct tape bandage removal scissors ```
99
First Aid Kit: drug admininstration
``` antibiotics anti-inflammatories -bute/banamine topical antibiotic eye ointment syringes needles sharps disposal ```
100
First Aid Kit: Other
rope/chain lip twitch flashlight epsom salts bleach
101
Genital Care- Mare
clean perianal, vulvar, and udder region with warm water, mild soap, rinsing thoroughly and blotting dry, as needed
102
Genital Care- Male
Clean sheath and penis to remove dirt and debris as needed - Use safe handling position, warm water, protective gloves, mild soap, rinse thoroughly - Remove "bean" from sinus opening near urethra
103
Dental Care
Teeth should be examined by a veterinarian 1-2 times a year | -poor dentition can result in colic, weight loss, decreased performance
104
Symptoms of Poor Dentition
``` dropping feed slobbering head tilt bad mouth odor difficulty chewing head-tossing bit chewing tongue- lolling (rolling) loss of body condition large undigested feed particles in manure tail wringing bad behavior under saddle ```
105
Teeth
``` Incisors: 12 Canines: 0-4 (usually in males) Wolf: 0-2 Premolar: 12 Molars: 12 Total 36-42 ```
106
Retained Dental caps
Retained "baby" teeth - may impair eruption of permanent teeth or get infected - should be removed
107
Hooks
upper jaw lies ahead of lower jaw causing incisors or premolar to form hook Normal: appear at 7 and 11 years
108
Other incisor problems
parrot or monkey mouth
109
Wolf teeth
in front of premolars - often interferes with bit - may be pulled
110
Alignment of grinding teeth
sloping up, upper teeth extend further out than lower
111
Enamel points
sharp edges on molars -upper and lower molars do not meet evenly usually on outside of upper molars and inside of lower molars can lacerate cheek or tongue
112
Other problems
oral ulcers | Wave mouth
113
Wave mouth
uneven molar height caused by irregular tooth growth
114
Floating
process of rasping/filing horses teeth
115
Parasite
Small organism that lives on (external) or in (internal) a host organism and derives its food from it
116
Parasitism
``` an overabundance of parasites -may lead to : poor feed efficiency : poor performance : possibly death ```
117
Symptoms of parasitism
``` poor feed efficiency loss of appetite weigh loss, low BCS Slow growth Bull, rough haircoat Pot bellied Lethargy or decreased stamina Tail rubbing and hair loss Colic Coughing Diarrhea ```
118
Common Parasites for Horses: Internal
``` Ascarids Strongyles Strongyloids Westeri (Threadworms) Pinworms Tapeworms Stomach Worms Stomach Bots ```
119
Common Parasites for Horses: External
``` Ticks Mites Lice Chiggers Flies Gnats Mosquitos ```
120
Ascarids
``` Large Roundworms -Adults 12-15" long - young horses most susceptible -Animal resistance can occur Females can lay up 200,000 eggs/d -Caused blocked arteries and damage to liver, heart and lungs *migrate ``` 2 weeks to be infective
121
Large Strongyles
1" long Reddish in color Cause internal bleeding, blocked arteries *migrate through organs
122
Encysted Small Strongyles
Encyst in hindgut -usually erupt during warmer weather Cause erosion of mucosa Outnumber large strongyles ulcerated cecum when they release
123
Strongyloids/Threadworms
0.4" long, small most noted for affecting Foals Absorbed through skin or ingested by foal through milk -Cause foal diarrhea and/or allergic skin reaction Foals can develop immunity
124
Pinworms
1.7" long, thin, white, most visible around rectum Cause tail itching, tail hair loss (worm lays eggs around rectum) -causes irritation
125
Tapeworms
Long, ribbon-like, flat, segmented attach to gut wall, especially ileo-cecal valve -cause irritation and ulceration lay eggs in segments and then break into segments forage mites ingest eggs 2-4 months external development
126
Stomach Worms
1" long Attach to stomach wall cause gastritis and summer sores (larvae are inside sores on outside of body) fly maggot ingest worm fly deposits eggs on lips
127
Bot Fly
Gastrophilus Spp. Bot fly lays eggs on horse, swallowed, molt, mature -many different species Cause mouth irritation and ulcers, gastritis, gastric blockages, gastric rupture, colic, anemia lay on lips or cheeck eggs turn into fly 4-8 weeks
128
Internal parasite managemen
Manure management Fecal Egg counts/ ID Deworming Good farm management
129
Manure management
Remove egg infested manure from stalls and paddocks daily - Store away from horses and water - Composting kills parasite eggs and larvae
130
Manure Management: spreading of manure
when - manure is free of eggs - horses are not grazing pasture - parasites exposed to extreme climate conditions
131
Fecal Egg ID/Count
identifies eggs and number in feces -Do yourself or send to lab *tapeworms, encysted small strongyles, and migrating adults may be missed Used to determine: -dewormer needed -worm resistance/ dewormer effectiveness when done 2 weeks post-deworming
132
Strongyles egg
Thin outer, bubbly inner
133
Ascarid eggs
thicker outer thinner inner | *Round
134
Pinworm eggs
blunt end | -football
135
Tapeworm eggs
D shaped
136
Anthelmintic
drug effective in killing or paralyzing parasite inhibiting its ability to lay eggs
137
Macrocytic Lactone
Avermectins (Ivermectin) -broad spectrum: most widely used and effective Milbemycin (moxidectin) Combinations
138
Benzimidazoles
Fenbendazole (5 day power pac) Oxibendazole Oxfendazole
139
Pyrimidine
``` Pyrantel pamoate (Strongid paste) Pyranel tartrate (Strongid daily pellet) ```
140
Avermectin- Ivermectin
Macrocyctic lactone Highest efficacy against most internal parasites -includes bots Does NOT include tapeworms or encysted small stronglyes
141
Moxidectin
Macrocyctic lactone Broad spectrum like ivermectin Effective agains encysted small strongyles* Potent
142
Avermectin/Praziquantel Combo
Praziquantel is effective agains tapeworms | Most potent combination
143
Benzimidazole: Fenbendazole
gets most parasites including -tapes and small strongyles Power pac: double dose over 5 days *Becoming less effective due to resistance
144
Benzimidazole: oxibendazole and oxfendazole
broad spectrum -no bots, tapes or small strongyles parasites developing a resistance
145
Pyrimidine: Pyrantal Pamoate
effective against large strongyles, roundworms, pinworms, small strongyles : double dose over two days effective against tapeworms
146
Pyrimidine: Pyrantal tartrate
effective against large strongyles, roundworms, pin worms, small strongyles : pelleted daily dewormer : recommend avermectin in late fall, early spring
147
Rotational Deworming Example
April, october: Benzimidazole June, December: Ivermectin and moxidectrin August, february: pyrantel Rotating class of dewormer every 6-8 weeks
148
General Deworming guidelines
deworm new horses while in quarantine or upon return - deworm horse 1-2 days prior to moving to new pasture - only deworm horses with heavy loads - deworm horses at same time - be aware of age and weight restrictions - foals should be dewormed at 4-5 weeks of age, and then 60 days if needed - remove bot eggs with bot block or comb
149
Good Farm Management
``` Low stocking density Avoid feeding off of the ground rotational grazing with livestock clean facility compost manure ```
150
External Parasites
``` Deer and Horse Flies Mosquitos Gnats (no see ems) Lice Ticks Mites ```
151
External Parasite Control
``` Fly Masks Fly Body Suits Fly (and tick) Repellents Fly Attractants Mosquito control Lice control ```

Horse Management (1 decks)

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