Exam 2 Flashcards by Allison Koch

Phosphorylation and photophosphorylation differ by

Chlorophyll

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Linoleate

Synthesizes by plants not humans

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Which requires more than one step
Ala to pyruvate
Glu to a keto
Asp to OAA
Pro to gluta
Phenylalanine to succinate

Pro to gluta and

Phenylalanine to succinate

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Urea cycle involves

Aspartate
ATP
Ornithine
Carbamoyl phosphate

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High conc of urea means

Only protein diet

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Inorganic nitrogen to organic molecule involves

Glutamine synthetase
Nitrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate synthase

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Free radical Q

Converts electron pairs to single electron transfers because cytochromes and other carriers can only handle one at a time

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A cell unable to obtain tetrahydrofolic acid H4 folate would be deficient in biosynthesis

TMP

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Inosinate

Purine nucleotide precursor of both adenylate and guanylate

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Purine nucleotide synthesis

Requires CO2
Has AMP IMP and GMP inhibitors
Glycine is an ex precursor

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Thioredoxin

Reducing agent

Synthesizes deoxyribosenucleotides from ribonucleotides

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One amino acid directly involved in purine biosynthesis

Aspartate

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Precursor for biosynthesis of pyramidine ring

Carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate

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Principal committed step in biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is

Conversion of 5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate to 5 phospho D ribosylamine

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14N 15N

Labels for semi conservative DNA

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Accuracy of DNA replication is because of

3 hydroxyl
Watson crick base pairing
Polymerase active site
3-5 active site

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Dam methylase

Methylated GATC sequences at 5 end

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P700

Has the lowest E
Best reducing agent
Z scheme

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Cyclic vs noncyclic photophosphorylation

Noncyclic reduces NADP and liberates O2

Cyclic produces ATP no O2 or NADPH

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Why do plants reduced CO2 to glucose

At night plants need ATP from glycolysis and Krebs
Need glucose to produce starch and cellulose
Need glucose as a precursor of components

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Tropical plants

Four carbon compound by which CO2 is shuttled from mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells

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Aminotransferase

Amino group is transferred to an alpha keto acid to from amino acid
Require pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor

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Alpha ketoglutarate

Direct acceptor of an additional amino acid group in amino acid catabolism

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How many high energy phosphate bonds used to form urea

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Krebs bicycle

``` Overlapping Krebs and urea cycles OAA converted to aspartate Asp combined with citrus line Argino cleaved Fumarate is Krebs intermediate ```

CHOH is attached to what cofactor

Tetrahydrofolic

Nick translation

Removes RNA primer when polymerization of Okazaki fragment stops

Exonucleases

Degrade DNA at free end

Synthesis of Okazaki fragments in order

``` Helicase Primase Pol III Pol I Lipase ```

Poor in GC

Origin of replication | Means it has a lot of AT which is easier for replication

Which amino acids hold Mg in DNA pol I

Asp and asp

What is a clue that DNA pol I is involved in repair

Ecoli lacking Pol I was viable but sensitive to DNA damage

Cyanide

Binds to Fe of cytochrome a

How many photons of light at 680 nm are required

Photochemical rxn center steps

``` Light excitation Exciton transfer Excitation of chrolophyll a Passage to ETC Replacement of electron ```

Adenosylmethionine

Contained a charged sulfur that carries methyl to be transferred

Urea from ammonia

Aspartate supplies N in urea Energy expensive Rate fluctuates with diet Fumarate is produced

How many different compounds supply the atoms in purine biosynthesis

CTP

Affects the enzymes conformation to a low activity form

Why are Okazaki discontinuous

Both strands are synthesized at same time in 5-3 | Lagging is read in 3-5 so it must wait until DNA pol to operate

Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor

Aminopterin | Will inhibit DNA synthesis

Why are incorrect bases inserted

Tautomeric forms make non Watson crick base pairings and these fit the pol active site as well as standard Watson crick base pairs

Why is the overall error rate 100000 x smaller than polymerase rate

Pol has 3' exonuclease activity which cuts off mispaired base

Holliday junction

Site specific recombination Strand exchange Gene inversion

Self splicing

Removal is catalyzed by RNA transcript itself

Dolichol phosphate

Glycosylation of proteins

Proteasome

Ubiquinated proteins are degraded

Positive regulation

Transcriptions off unless activator binds

Why are protein domains with DNA small

Must fit into major groove

Zinc finger motifs

Zinc stabilizes protein conformation by interacting with side chains

Low lac level

Means some lactose permease will be present in cell membrane | If cell needs to use lactose, it will allow lactose to enter and turn on operon

Error catastrophe

Leads to extinction when loss of info through errors EXCEED the gain by natural selection

Double origin hypothesis

Dyson

Hardware and software

John Von Neumann tRNA rRNA Enzymes

Lowest error rate

Modern replication

Is delta G related to rate

**A person who cannot synthesize fructose 1 6 biphosphate would not be able to

Resynthesize glucose from lactate during exercise

Control point

Regulated by cell energy supply

Cyclic photophosphorylation

Does not generate O2

**how many ATP formed in glycolysis to pyruvate from glycogen

**Phosphofructokinase activity is enhanced by

Increased fructose 2 6 biphosphate conc

**Glycogen metabolism steps

``` Hormone binding Formation of cAMP Activation of protein kinase Phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase ```

**If enolase was inhibited

3 phosphoglycerate would increase

**Conversion of 1G6P to 2lactate needs

3 ATP

**If c3 labeled glucose were fed to yeast carrying out ethanol fermentation

CO2 would be labeled

**if glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate was labeled at C1 F16BP would be labeled

C3 and C4

**Galactosemia

Deficient UDP glucose: galactose

**Increased glucagon levels

Phosphorylation of PFK PFK is inhibited Glycolysis is slowed

**Control of gluconeogenesis

Glucagon stimulates adenylcyclase cAMP stimulates phosphorylation FBPase lowers F26BP level Linked to glycolysis

**What has an immediate effect on glycogen breakdown

Increased cAMP Increased AMP/ATP Increased glucagon

**Which describes FA transport

Rate limiting step Regulated by malonyl Cytosolic and matrix pools are separate Committed to oxidation

**When serum glucose levels fall

Glycolysis continues normally

**if C1 is labeled in glucose and enters glycolysis , what's labeled in G3P

C3 50%

**Oxidation reductions rxns always require

Transfer of electrons

Exam 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)