Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
deep heating modality that uses acoustic energy
A
ultrasound
2
Q
most common deep heating modality
A
ultrasound
3
Q
most common heating modality
A
moist hot packs
4
Q
second most common heating modality
A
ultrasound
5
Q
how are ultrasound waves created
A
electrical current is passed through a crystal causing it to vibrate, which creates sound waves
6
Q
most ultrasound machines for musculoskeletal use have treatment frequencies in what range
A
800,000 Hz (0.8MHz) - 3MHz
7
Q
what is the audible range for Hz
A
15,000 - 20,000Hz
8
Q
what is it called when a mechanical deformation of a crystal causes an electrical current to form
A
piezoelectric effect
9
Q
what is it called when an alternating current is passed through a crystal
A
reverse piezoelectric effect
10
Q
results in very fast contraction and expansion of the crystal and produces very high frequency sound waves
A
reverse piezoelectric effect
11
Q
fresnel zone
A
near field
12
Q
fraunhofer zone
A
far field
13
Q
fresnel zone or fraunhofer zone
A
fresnel zone (near field)
14
Q
ERA
A
effective radiating area
15
Q
BNR
A
beam nonuniformity ratio
16
Q
area of the sound head that produces sound energy
A
effective radiating area (ERA)
17
Q
the ERA is always larger than the size of the ultrasound head
A
FALSE; it is always smaller than the size of the ultrasound head
18
Q
Ratio between the average intensity of the ultrasound beam across the ERA divided by the peak intensity of the ultrasound beam
A
(BNR) beam nonuniformity ratio
19
Q
acceptable range for BNR
A
it is ideal to have 1 or 1:1 but an acceptable range is 2:1 - 6:1
20
Q
what is the BNR if the peak intensity is 4 and the average intensity across the ERA is 2
A
4:2 or 2:1 (1 average intensity over ERA)/(2 peak intensity) = 1/2
21
Q
what happens to the intensity of the sound wave when the BNR gets lower
A
it becomes more uniform
22
Q
what happens to the intensity of the sound wave when the BNR gets higher
A
it becomes less uniform
23
Q
covered by the peak intensity
A
PAMBNR
24
Q
PAMBNR
A
peak area of the maximum beam nonuniformity ratio
25
it is acceptable to do ultrasound underwater in a metal bucket
FALSE; though you can perform ultrasound therapy underwater it is not recommended to do it in a metal container to avoid reflection
26
since water is such a good conductor for ultrasound, the time and intensity may be reduced for treatment
FALSE; time or intensity must be increased (ultrasound head is .5cm - 3.0cm from skin)
27
amplitude of ultrasound therapy is measured in
watts
28
dosage of ultrasound therapy is measured in
W/cm^2
29
the more watts that are introduced during ultrasound therapy the greater the penetration
FALSE; the greater the watts the greater the heating (frequency dictates depth)
30
Calculated by dividing the time sound is delivered by the total treatment time
duty cycle
31
if sound waves are applied 250ms for every second, what would be the duty cycle
25% (250ms/1,000ms)
32
continuous ultrasound has what duty cycle
100%
33
main difference in treatment of continuous and pulsed ultrasound
#NAME?
34
which frequency is absorbed more rapidly; higher frequencies (3Hz) or lower frequencies (1Hz... probably more like 0.8)
higher frequency 3Hz
35
which frequency is absorbed slower; higher frequencies (3Hz) or lower frequencies (1Hz... probably more like 0.8)
lower frequency1Hz
36
higher frequency ultrasound (3Hz) is used for superficial or deep tissue therapy
superficial
37
lower frequency ultrasound (1Hz) is used for superficial or deep tissue therapy
deep
38
what happens to absorption of ultrasound waves when protein concentration is increased
increases
39
propagation of the ultrasound wave
reflection
40
straight path when passing obliquely from one medium to another
refraction
41
what effects does heating have on tissue that ultrasound therapy provides
#NAME?
42
if a therapy is being done for 10 minutes at 1MHz and is changed from 2W/cm^2 to 1.5W/cm^2 what will happen to the duration of the therapy
increase (less intensity, going from 2 to 1.5 will have to increase time of treatment in order to reach same temperature)
43
due to mechanical pressure exerted by the sound waves
acoustical streaming
44
non thermal effects of ultrasound
#NAME?
45
what are the benefits of stable cavitation
facilitates fluid movement and membrane transport
46
precautions for ultrasound therapy use
#NAME?
47
appropriate range of intensity for ultrasound therapy
.5 - 2.5 W/cm^2 and do not exceed a peak intensity of 8.0 W/cm^2
48
peak intensity for ultrasound threapy should not be above what level
8.0 W/cm^2
49
what should the size of the treatment area be for ultrasound therapy
2-3 times the size of the ERA
50
what will happen if your treatment size is too large
heating will not be achieved
51
sonophoresis aka
phonophoresis
52
uses for phonophoresis (sonophoresis)
uses sound energy to drive medication into the tissue
53
uses for ultrasound and electrical stimulation combination
#NAME?
54
type of therapy where ultrasound head becomes the treating electrode when used with a dispersal head
combination (US and Estim)
55
therapy that is used to help fractures heal faster
low intensity pulsed ultrasound(LIPUS)
56
therapy that is used to wound cleaning and debridement
MIST therapy
57
most common type of diathermy used
shortwave
58
what are the two different types of shortwave diathermy
#NAME?
59
capacitor electrodes in shortwave diathermy use which type of energy field
electrical field
60
induction electrodes in shortwave diathermy use which type of energy field
magnetic fielld
61
what causes heat production in diathermy
Rapid rotation of dipoles, mechanical friction and movement
62
indications for continuous diathermy
#NAME?
63
indications for pulsed diathermy
#NAME?
64
what does LASER stand for
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
65
visible light spectrum
400-700nm
66
the number of excited atoms outweighs the number at ground state
population inversion
67
light in the same wavelength and in phase is called
coherent light
68
single color, same wavelength
monochromatic
69
they don't diverge
collimation
70
types of lasers
#NAME?
71
what are two methods of laser application
#NAME?
72
direct effect of laser penetration
0.5 - 2.0 cm deep
73
indirect effect of laser penetration
1 - 5 cm deep
74
when the effect is not from heating tissues but from the absorption of photons of light by cells
photobiomodulation (photochemical effects)
75
photobiostimulation uses high or low dose of laser
lower dose of laser
76
photobioinhibition uses high or low dose of laser
higher dose of laser
77
molecules which accept energy from photons
chromophores
78
respiratory chain enzymes
cytochromes
79
found in mitochondria, sensitive to light (600-904nm), absorption of photons triggers biochemical reactions
cytochromes
80
biological effects of laser therapy
#NAME?
81
exempt lasers (invisible lasers) are in what class
class I
82
examples of class I lasers
CD players and laser printers
83
low power lasers (visible lasers) are in what class
class II
84
examples of class II lasers
laser pointers
85
which class of laser is not hazardous to the eye at all
class I
86
which class of laser is hazardous when directed continually into the eye
class II
87
which class of lasers have a moderate risk of damage to the retina but not to skin tissues
class III
88
therapeutic lasers are in which class
class III (class IIIbl - 5mW to 500mW)
89
which class of laser are high powered and can cause damage to eyes, burn skin, and fire hazard
class IV
90
proper dosage for therapeutic lasers
less than 50J for adults and less than 25J for children under 14 years old
91
What is the depth of penetration of ultraviolet radiation
1-2 mm
92
What are the physiologic effects of ultraviolet radiation
very superficial:
93
what are the clinical applications for ultraviolet therapy
#NAME?
94
what are phenothiazines used for
tranquilizers
95
what are psoralens used for
psoriasis
96
what are sulfonylureas used for
diabetes
97
what are diphenhydramines used for
antihistamine
98
what are contraindications for ultraviolet therapy
photosensitizing drugs
99
which photosensitizing drugs are the exception to a contraindication for ultraviolet therapy
#NAME?
100
mechanisms of heat transfer
#NAME?
101
direct contact of heat is by which mechanism
conduction
102
hydrocollator packs use which mechanism of heat transfer
conduction
103
paraffin baths use which mechanism of heat transfer
conduction
104
air or water particles move across the body part causing heat or cooling
convection
105
whirlpools use which mechanism of heat transfer
convection
106
fluidotherapy uses which mechanism of heat transfer
convection
107
transfer of heat from a warmer surface to a cooler surface though air represents which mechanism of heating
radiation
108
infrared lamps use which mechanism of heat transfer
radiation
109
heat generated from another energy form represents which mechanism of heat transfer
conversion
110
ultrasound uses which mechanism of heat transfer
conversion
111
diathermy uses which mechanism of heat transfer
conversion
112
thermotherapy aka
superficial heat
113
how deep does superficial heat penetrate
1cm
114
indications for superficial heat therapy
#NAME?
115
contraindications for superficial heat therapy
#NAME?
116
hydrocollators are used at what temperature
160-165F (71-74C)
117
appropriate maximum temperature by body part
wrist and hand - 112
118
paraffin baths are used at what temperature
124 - 133F (51-56C)
119
treatment time for paraffin dipping
10-30 minutes
120
treatment time for paraffin immersion
10-15 minutes
121
treatment time for paraffin brushing
10-30 minutes
122
fluidotherapy is used at what temperature
120-125F (48-51C)
123
decreases with change from perpendicular
cosine law
124
appropriate temperatures for contrasts baths
cold - (41-68)
125
application of cold for therapeutic purposes
cryotherapy
126
combination of cold and exercise
cryokinetics
127
increase in tissue temperature during cold therapy
hunting-lewis response
128
goals of cryotherapy
#NAME?
129
allergic reaction to cold temperature
cold urticaria
130
stimulated by cold application
cryoglobinemia
131
cold induced hemoglobinuria aka
paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria
132
#NAME?
cold induced hemoglobinuria (paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria)
133
what are the stages of sensation for cryotherapy
CBAN:
134
warm water layer that forms around a body part when immersed in water
thermopane
135
temperature for whirlpool and immersion that would be equal to using an ice pack to cool tissue
immersion - 40-50 degrees
136
how long should an ice message last
5-10 minutes
