exam 2 Flashcards by Jordan Kelley

• What are the 6 parts of the brain parts involved in complex movement

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord

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• How much of the primary motor cortex controls for hands and speech?

greater than half

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• What constitutes the premotor area?

ant and lateral portions of primary motor cortex below supplemental area

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• Where does the premotor area project nerve fibers to?

primary motor cortex, basal ganglia

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• What area is superior to the premotor area and mainly in the longitudinal fissure

supplemental motor area

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• What are the functions of the supplemental motor area?

attitudinal movement, 2. fixation movements, 3.postitional movements of head and eyes, 4.finer motor control of arms/hands

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• What is the percentage breakdown of the corticospinal tracts

30- primary motor, 30- premotor and supplemental area, 40-somatic sensory

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• Do a majority of corticospinal fiber tracts originate from the somatic sensory areas?

yes

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• Describe the descent of the corticospinal tract and which fibers cross are contralateral and which stay ipsilateral.

descends via posterior limb of internal capsule. most fibers=cross midlineand form lateral corticospinal tract
some fibers= stay ipsilateral and form ventral corticospinal tracts

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• Which 2 brain structures does the posterior limb of the internal capsule lie between

caudate and putamen

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• A lesion at the _________ can affect both motor and sensory fibers

internal capsule?

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• A low lesion with all tracts cut off from the brain will yield _______

spinal prep/ flaccidity

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• A ‘decerebate preparation’ transection at the mid collicular level (a middle level transection) will yield _____

decerebrate rigidity

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• A ‘decorticate preparation’ destruction of the cerebral cortex (a high level lesion) will yield ____ because a lack of ____ from the _____

spasticity, cortical inhibition, medullary reticular formation

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• What type of cerebral event can yield decorticate spasticity?

removal or lesion of cerebral cortex

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• With decerebration, the ______ pathway is interrupted at the _______ level, however ___ ___ control remains in tact

cortical descending, midbrain?, brainstem

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with decerebration, which reflexes become suppressed and which reflexes become exaggerated?

Flexion= suppressed, stretch= exaggerated

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• What are the initial symptoms of a spinal cord transection?

spinal shock= all cord funct. are depressed, lack of tonic excitation from higher centers

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• After a few days/weeks, what happens to some spinal cord reflexes?

regains excitability, some become hyperactive

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• What is ‘spinal shock’?

decrease BP, skeletal ands sacral reflexes are suppressed and blocked

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• What does the pontine reticular nuclei stimulate/inhibit? (2 things

stimulates- axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity

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• Where does the pontine reticular nuclei receive stimulation from? (2 places

vestibular nuclei, deep nuclei of cerebellum

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• What 2 things does the medullary reticular nuclei stimulate/inhibit? (2 things)

inhibit- axial trunk and extensor muscles that support body against gravity

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• The pontine reticular nuclei transmits signals via the ____ reticulospinal tract

pontine/ medial

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• The medullary reticular nuclei transmits signals via the ____ reticulospinal tract

medullary/ lateral

• What 6 things does the brain stem play a role in controlling?

respiration, cardiovascular system, GI funct., stereotyped movement, equilibrium, eye movement

• What are the 4 ipsilateral descending tracts?

ventral corticospinal, reticulospinal, pontine and meduallry, vestibulospinal

• What are the 3 contralateral descending tracts?

lateral corticospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal

• What are the 5 medial descending tracts?

reticulospinal, vestibule, tecto, anterior cortico,

• What are the 2 lateral descending tracts?

lateral cortico, rubro

• What 2 tracts control more of the muscle of the distal limbs?

lateral cortico, rubro

• What 4 tracts control mainly the axial and girdle muscles?

reticulo, tecto, vestibulo, anterior cortico

• What are the 2 types of pyramidal cells?

dynamic, static

• What is the dynamic signal and when does it occur?

excites the onset of muscle contraction

• What is the static signal and when does it occur?

fires slowly to maintain muscle contraction

• What 2 areas of the brain are involved in the planning and programming phase?

basal ganglia and cerebrocerebellar

• Describe the flow of events in the brain that lead to voluntary movement and the path that feedback comes back by

premotor--- PMC---spinal cord or spinocerebellar.. | feedback from periphery--spinocerebellar---PMC

• What are the 3 types of postural reflexes?

vestibular, tonic neck, righting reflex

• What is the vestibular apparatus and what does it consist of

organ that detects equilibrium.. consists of semicircular canals and utricle & saccule

• Describe what the macula is and how does it function?

sensory area that is covered by jelly, hairs in the jelly cause depolarization or hyperpolarization which will detect position of head with gravity and linear acceleration

• What type of movement does the macula sense?

linear acceleration?

• What plane does the macula of utricle lie in and what position of the head does it help determine?

horizontal plane--- head upright

• What plane does the macular of the saccule help determine the head is in?

vertical plane---laying down

• Where are the crista ampularis located and what do they do?

in semicircular canals----- in swelling?

• What are cupula and where are they?

loose jelly tissue on top of crista ampularis

• What are the names and planes of each of the semicircular canals?

R ant -L post, L ant - R post, R and L horizontal

• What fills the semicircular canals?

endolymph

• Which cranial nerve deals with the vestibular nuclei and what does it detect?

CN 8, detects rotational acceleration and deceleration

• Right/clockwise rotation will stimulate the right or left canal?

right-= ipsilateral

• Stimulation of semicircular canals is associated with increased stimulation of _____ as well as _____ (symptom)

extensor tone, nystagmus

• The slow component tracking nystagmus is initiated by the ________

semicircular canals

• The fast component tracking nystagmus is initiated by the ________

brain stem nuclei

• What part of the cerebellum is especially associated with the semicircular canals?

cerebellum----flocculonodular lobe

• What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

sudden sensation of spinning when moving head

• What 2 senses help determine your orientation in space

visual and vestibular

• Which feedback mechanism is faster?

anticipatory

• Which feedback mechanism is slower?

compensatory

• What 4 sensory inputs aid in postural mechanism?

cutaneous from skin, proprioception from joints and mucsles, vestibular signals, visual signals

• Which proprioceptors are short latency?

joints and muscles

• Which signals are longer latency?

vestibual and visual

• In forward sway, which muscles are activated in which order?

gastro--ham--para

• In backward sway, which muscles are activated in which order?

tib--quad--abd

• Extension of neck will facilitate which extensors?

limb extensors bilaterally

• Flexion of neck will facilitate limb ____ bilaterally.

flexors

• Right lateral bending or rotation will facilitate ____ (R/L) extensors and (R/L) flexors

ipsilateral

• What are the 4 principal nuclei of the basal ganglia?

striatum, globus pallidus, sub nigra, subthalamic

• Do the basal ganglia have direct input or output with the spinal cord?

none

• Motor function of the basal ganglia are mediated by the motor areas of the ____

cortex

• What are the 2 main circuits of the Basal Ganglia?

caudate and putamen

• What does the caudate circuit play a large role in?

cognative control of motor activity

• What actions do the putamen circuit play a role in?

subconscious execution of learned movements

• Lesions to the Globus Pallidus results in what disorders and symptoms?

athetosis-- spontaneous and continuous writhing movements

• Lesions to the subthalamus results in what disorder and symptoms?

hemiballismus-- sudden violent flailing movements of limbs

• Lesions to the putamen will results in what disorder and symptoms?

Chorea-- flicking movements in hands and feet`

• Lesions to the substantia nigra will results in what disorder?

Rigidity, akinesia, resting temors

• What is the primary re-entrance loop to the basal ganglia?

neo cortex--BG--thalamus--frontal cortex

• What percentage weight of the brain is the cerebellum and what percentage of neurons does it contain?

10% weight, half of neurons in brain

• What does complete destruction of the cerebellum results?

no sensory or muscle strength lost

• Are there descending direct connections between the cerebellum and the spinal cord?

• What does the floculonodular lobe govern?

eye movement and body equilibrium

• What does the spinocerebellum (vermis/intermediate) play a major role in?

movement and influencing descending motor systems

• The cerebrocerebellum plays a role in what?

planning and initiating of movement and extramotor prediction

• Purkinje cells are _____ (inhibitory/stimulatory) and use what neurotransmitter in the cerebellum?

inhibitory/ deep cerebellar nuclie

• What are the 2 types of output signals from the purkinje fibers?

simple- mossy fibers and complex- climbing fibers

• The complex Action Potential involves the use of _____ fibers from the _______ and is what ratio (___ fibers:purkinje)?

climbing, inf olivary nucleus, 1:1

exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)