Exam 2

Question 1

Diabetes

Answer 1

Relative or absolute deficiency of insulin causing intolerance

Fasting sugar > 126 mg/dL
75 grams glucose tolerance test
>200 mg/dL after 2 hours

HbA1c>6.5% (Determines the extent to which your hemoglobin is glucosylated – provides a good estimate of the AVERAGE LEVEL of glucose for the previous 3 months)
**

Question 2

Diabets Symptoms

Answer 2

Polydipsia and polyphagia
Polyuria
Unexplained weight loss

Question 3

Insulin functions

Answer 3

Promote the transfer of glucose into:

• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• smooth muscle
• Fat cells
• Fibroblasts

Question 4

Thyroid Facts

Answer 4

Derived from endoderm thickening of floor of pharynx

Infrequent ectopic sites in oral cavity

• Intralingual
• Lingual thyroid tissue

Release and management controlled by hypothalamic TRH stimulating TSH from pituitary

Excessive activation causes hyper metabolic state causing protein catabolism and enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 5

Hypthalamus (TRH) –> pituitary (TSH) –> Thyroid (TH)

Answer 5

.

Question 6

Macrocytic Anemia

Answer 6

Too many cells >100

Due to:

• Liver disease
• Drugs
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Folate deficiency

Question 7

Microcytic Anemia

Answer 7

Too few of cells

Question 8

Iron deficiency

Answer 8

Is the most common deficiency in the world

Due to:

1. Hemorrhaging
2. Absorption of Fe
3. Transferrin difficulties (moving Fe)

Question 9

Leukemia

Answer 9

Systemically disseminated neoplasms of white cells

Types:

• acute vs chronic
• Myeloid vs Lymphoid

Question 10

Acute myeloid or lymphatic

Answer 10

No evidence of maturation in the blood or marrow

> 20% BLAST CELLS

Skin and gum infiltration

Question 11

Lymphomas

Answer 11

Solid tumors of hematopoietic system neoplasms of lymphoid tissue

Cuases: Lymphadenopathy
** ENLARGED AND PAINLESS**

Majority of lymphomas are B CELLS

Question 12

Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma

Answer 12

Indolent to ver aggressive

Most commonly: Diffuse large B cell

Question 13

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Answer 13

All types are curable (mostly)

Reed sternberg cells

Question 14

Lymphoma and Leukemia

Answer 14

Both are clonal expansion of cells at certain developmental stages

Question 15

Leukocytosis

Answer 15

> 10,000 WBCs

Due to:

• chronic infection or inflammation
• Exercise
• Some leukemias

Increased production in marrow
Increased release from marrow spaces
Decreased margination
Decreased extraevasion from tissues

Question 16

Normal WBC

Answer 16

3500 – 10,000

Question 17

Neutrophils

Answer 17

1800 – 6700

55%

Question 18

Lymphocytes

Answer 18

1400-3900

35%

Question 19

Eosinophils

Answer 19

0-570

3%

Question 20

Bleeding Disorders

Answer 20

Caused by:

• Abnormal vessels (hard to measure)
• Decreased platelets/dysfunction
• Abnormal coagulation factors

Question 21

Platelet Type bleeding

Answer 21

Mucocutaneous bleeding

Due to:
Thrombocytopenia
Von Wille Brand Disease

Question 22

Throbocytopenia

Answer 22

Caused by:

• decreased marrow production
• hemodilution (transfustion)
• Immune reaction (platelet antibodies)

Question 23

Platelet count

Answer 23

SPONTANEOUS bleeding

Question 24

Antiplatelte drugs and thrombodytopenia

Answer 24

Increased bleeding tendency

Aspirin – inhibits platelet function

Question 25

Abnormalities in coagulation factors

Answer 25

Inherited

Acquired

Question 26

Inherited abnormatlies of coagulation factors

Answer 26

Von willebrand disease
Hemophilia A and B

Single coagulation factor damaged

Question 27

Acquired abnormalities of coagulation factors

Answer 27

Liver disease
Vitamin K defieciency

Multiple coagulation factors damaged

Question 28

Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors

Answer 28

II, VII, IX, X

Question 29

Virchow’s Triad

Answer 29

Thrombotic Disorders:

Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulability

Question 30

Acquired hypercoagulability states

Answer 30

Surgery/trauma
Lim immobilization
Bedridden
Long distance air travel
Pregnancy
Oral contraceptives