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BIO115 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendel’s First Law

A

Law of Segregation, every organism receives one allele from each parent for a total of 2
cells involved in reproduction have only one copy

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2
Q

diploid

A

cell with 2 alleles for each gene

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3
Q

haploid

A

cell with 1 allele for each gene

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4
Q

ploidy

A

number of alleles per gene

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5
Q

homozygous

A

both alleles for a gene are the same

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6
Q

heterozygous

A

two alleles for a gene are different from each other

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7
Q

dominant

A

allele that always expresses itself when present

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8
Q

recessive

A

allele that must be homozygous to show up in phenotype

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9
Q

null allele

A

one that does not function or show up

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10
Q

What two things are needed for sex?

A

Meiosis and Fertilization

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11
Q

What goes at the top of columns and in front of rows in Punnett squares?

A

Haploid genotypes derived from parents in meiosis

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12
Q

How do you determine the number of haploid products from a genotype?

A

2^(number of heterozygous genes)

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13
Q

Mendel’s 2nd Law

A

Independent Assortment: character inheritance is independent of other characteristics (unless in linked genes)

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14
Q

Linked genes

A

genes on the same chromosome

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15
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when a heterozygous genotype does not fully express the dominant allele, 3 phenotypes instead of 2, partial expression of dominant gene

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16
Q

Codominance

A

Alleles are equally dominant, heterozygotes show both phenotypes
common with enzyme inheritance, blood types

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17
Q

epistasis

A

One phenotype controlled by two or more genes

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18
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene controlling multiple phenotypes

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19
Q

Phenotypically plastic

A

environment affects gene functionality

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20
Q

What is the basis of evolutionary change?

A

Genetic variation generated during sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Secondary variation

A

variation from meiosis and fertilization

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22
Q

Where do all allelic variants come from?

A

mutation

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23
Q

What is evolution the product of?

A

Genetic variation and the environment

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24
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of nuclear division resulting in genetically variable haploid cells

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25
Does meiosis always produce egg and sperm?
No, in plants produces egg and spore
26
Chromosome
Single, double-stranded molecule of DNA | 46 in humans, bacteria have one circular chromosome
27
Genes
discrete regions of DNA that code for usable info | Many genes along one chromosome
28
Homologous chromosomes
chromosomes with same genes but different alleles
29
What holds DNA copies together?
Kinetochore protein complex at the centromere
30
Chromatid
condensed DNA molecule
31
Karyotype
displays the number and types of chromosomes in an organism
32
Autosomes
chromosomes that do NOT determine an individual's sex, those are sex chromosomes
33
Four characteristics of meiosis
Double division process change in chromosome number (diploid to haploid) produces four genetically variable products (daughter cells) produces egg, sperm, spores
34
Order of meiosis processes
IPMAT
35
interphase
DNA synthesis and chromosome replication
36
prophase 1
nuclear envelope breaks down spindles begin to form synapis occurs to form tetrads crossing over occurs and chiasma form
37
metaphase 1
chromosomes line up randomly along equator spindles attach to kinetochore final DNA synthesis at centromeres
38
What forms between homologous chromosomes during cross over?
synaptonemal complex
39
anaphase 1
tetrads are split into individual homologues and transported to poles
40
telophase 1
chromosomes uncoil and reform chromatin nuclear envelope reforms sometimes is circumvented, heads straight to prophase 2 forms 2 haploid cells but chromosomes are still doubled
41
meiosis 2
essentially a mitotic division, separates sister chromatids | creates 4 haploid cells
42
Where does the variation occur in meiosis?
Independent Assortment and Crossing Over
43
crossing over
exchange of genetic material along length of chromosome
44
chiasmata
crossover events
45
Ultimate source of genetic variation
mutation
46
Other sources of genetic variation?
Independent assortment crossing over (mate choice)
47
amplexis
frogs holding onto each other
48
Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual: genetically identical offspring, high in number, cheap and fast, mitotic cell division Sexual: genetically variable offspring, low in number, slow and expensive, meiosis and fertilization, parental investment
49
Are all bees the same genetically?
No, males are haploids because they are unfertilized
50
Macroevolution
evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups, concerns diversity over long time periods
51
Microevolution
changes in a species' gene pool (allele frequency) between generations
52
What did Darwin base his evolution ideas on?
Beak size
53
Founder effect
when a new population is started by a few individuals that do not represent the full gene pool of the larger source population can begin from one pregnant female or one seed
54
CaM
Calcium modulating protein that causes finches' beaks to grow long beaks
55
BMP4
Bone modulating protein that causes finches' beaks to grow thick and squat
56
empirical thought
relies on observational data to form an idea or hypothesis rather than "common sense"
57
John Ray
basic classification that species do not interbreed
58
Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish naturalist that began systematic classification and the fixity of species
59
George Buffon
proposed that organisms change over time but hid it within 44 volumes
60
Lamarck
inheritance of acquired characteristics
61
Erasmus Darwin
early advocate of evolutionary change
62
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
published theory of evolution based on fossil observations
63
What is the difference between evolution and natural selection?
Natural selection acts on individuals | Evolution acts on populations
64
Why was the Origin of Species controversial?
It challenged old worldviews put down by people like Plato and Aristotle
65
What fossils does Ohio have?
Ordovician
66
Radiometric dating
most common method for determining the absolute ages of fossils evaluates levels of radioactive isotopes in fossils or their rocks based on their decline after death
67
What does modern synthesis emphasize?
Populations are the units of evolution Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution gradualism
68
gradualism
many small changes over time add up to a large change
69
gene pool
all the genes in all loci in a population at a time
70
fixed gene
occurs when all organisms in a population are homozygous for a gene
71
Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant over generations unless acted on by agents other than Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles
72
Five conditions for HWT
``` Large population size to minimize genetic drift No migration, to stop gene flow No net mutations Random mating No natural selection ```
73
Gene flow
transfer of alleles due to movement of individuals into or out of population
74
polymorphism
the presence of two or more traits for a characteristic in a population
75
polymorphic gene
a gene that has two or more alleles, each allele has a frequency of at least 1%
76
monomorphic
gene that only has one allele, or one allele has a frequency over 99%
77
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
smallest type of genetic change in a gene CTA:GAT:ACC CTA:GAG:ACC T to G is a mutation (SNP)
78
genetic drift
when changes to genotype frequency from one generation to another occur because of chance errors caused by population size
79
4 Factors that alter allele frequencies in a population
genetic drift natural selection gene flow mutation
80
Descent with modification
new species arise after many small modifications, new features are altered versions of ancestral features
81
homology
similarities in characteristics from common ancestry
82
species
best estimate of relatedness within organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offpspring

BIO115 (6 decks)

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