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Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Process by which an individual’s experience produces a lasting change in behavior or mental process

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2
Q

Example of instinct

A

When a newborn baby looks up at you

The baby is nearly blind and is not looking at you. It just has the instinct to look up

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired

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4
Q

Classical conditioning: Pavlov

A

Studied digestive system
Studied dogs, and wondered why they salivated when they came into the laboratory (because they got fed there)
Wanted to study learning and memory

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5
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus which before training does not produce the targeted response, or unconditioned response
Example: ringing the bell for the dogs

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6
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus the elicits the targeted response naturally most likely due to a hard wired reflex (instinct)
Example: dry food powder in mouth=salivate

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7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Responses elicited from unconditioned stimulus without training- what can be measured
Example: salivating

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8
Q

Acquisition (learning)

A

Process when neutral stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (dry food powder) so that the unconditioned response occurs when the neutral stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (dry food powder) are present

This wants to teach the the neutral stimulus made the unconditioned response

At this time, the neutral stimulus slowly comes to elicit the unconditioned response

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

When previously the neutral stimulus, comes to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus after conditioning (the dog knows something and responds to it)
Example: bell

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response elicited by conditioned stimulus- da,e as the unconditioned response but produced by something different
Example: salivating

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11
Q

What does acquisition consist of

A

Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

What does extinction, or forgetting, consist of

A

Conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

What does spontaneous recovery, or re-extinction, consist of

A

Conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

What is another study that is related to the format of Pavlov’s experiment

A

Bunny experiment

Tone, puff of air, bunny blinks
Vs
Bell, dry food powder, salivate

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15
Q

What did Pavlov think

A

He thought that somehow the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus were wired or connected to the unconditioned response in the brain and thought he connection died away at extinction
In other words, any brain regions that were active at the same time were connected- he was wrong

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16
Q

Generalization

A

Will generalize your conditioned response to other stimuli
Giving a conditioned response to to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned response
Example: ring a bell with a different decibels of sound

Will still get a response but it will get smaller and smaller when the stimuli gets farther away from the original

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

Allows specific targeted behavior patterns

Learning to give the conditioned response only to the conditioned stimulus- not to the similar stimuli

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18
Q

Instinct

A

Motivated behavior that is hard wired (unlearned behavior)

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19
Q

Long term potential

A

A potential cellular form of learning based on a belief that learning should involve some type of change in the brain

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20
Q

Where is long term potential studied

A

Hippocampus

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21
Q

What did Lashley do

A

He would take rats and make them go through a maze to get food. Then he would suck out different parts of the brain to see where learning happens

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22
Q

What did Lashley find

A

He found that the location of the lesion meant nothing (when he thought that they did, set back psycho about 20 years) but the size of the lesion did.

Ex. Small lesion, small forgetting. Big lesion, big forgetting.

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23
Q

Look at the graphs and pictures

A

Look at the graphs and pictures

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24
Q

Operant learning

A

Law of effect

Responses that produce desirable effects that would be stamped into the person

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25
Q

Reinforcer

A

Used to stamp behavior you want to happen again

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26
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

Give something they like as a reward to make the behavior happen again

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27
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

Removing a restriction as a reward for a behavior you want to happen again

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28
Q

Punishment

A

Doing something to make a person not do a behavior again

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29
Q

Positive punishment

A

Apply so,etching they don’t like to stop behavior

Ex. Spank

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30
Q

Negative punishment

A

Take something away that they do like to stop behavior

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31
Q

Fixed reinforcement

A

A fixed amount you get every time- you throw a ball and a dog brings it back and hey get a treat

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32
Q

Variable reinforcement

A

Responses or reinforcements are always changing
“Could be the next time”- slot machine
This is the most responsive individual- you work very hard because you don’t know when the reward will be coming

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33
Q

Fixed interval variable

A

Every month you get a pay check no matter how hard I work

You work hard when you get the reward but slack in between rewards

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34
Q

Variable interval reinforcement

A

Never know the amount of time before y get a reinforcement

Least responsive- work as little as possible

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35
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

Testing different things to find out what works

36
Q

Cognitive maps

A

Fm maps. Head to get around environment

37
Q

Imitation

A

Learn to do by watching others do- by using mirror neurons

38
Q

Encoding

A

Modification of info to processed by memory system

External experienced event to getting put in the brain as a memory (learning)

39
Q

Storage

A

Retention of material over time

40
Q

Retrieval

A

Location and recovery of a memory when needed in the future

Info gets in the brain, info gets laid down for the brain, info is retrieved

41
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving info not in currently in consciousness

Ex. A test- short answer

42
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying items previously learned
Identifying which is right
Ex. Multiple choice test

43
Q

Relearning

A

Learning something more quickly the second time

44
Q

Sensory (iconic) memory

A

Memory at the level of the senses
Only lasts milliseconds to seconds
Stare at sun, close eyes, can still see the sun

45
Q

Working (short term) memory

A

Temporary graded memory- memory used for a specific amount of time
Ex. Remembering where you parked that day
Stored often in chunks
Lasts seconds to hours

46
Q

Long term memory

A

Memory that lasts long periods of time

Lasts days to decades

47
Q

Procedural memory

A

Remembering how to do something

48
Q

Declarative memory

A

Ability to declare a fact

49
Q

How do drugs impart memory

A

Block pains at spinal cord and blocks memory

50
Q

How do state dependent things Impair memory

A

Your memory is impaired if you are forced to retrieve info if you are in a different state than when relieved it

51
Q

How does proactive interference impair memory

A

Old info interfering with new info

Learning to drive on the left side of the road after learning the right first

52
Q

How does Retroactive interference impair memory

A

New info interfering with old info

Learning new types of grammar in another language

53
Q

Serial position

A

Idea that a person will remember the beginning and me but not the middle

54
Q

Primacy in serial learning

A

Good at learning things at the beginning of a list

55
Q

Regency in serial position

A

Good at learning things at the end of a list

56
Q

Chunking

A

Putting things together

57
Q

Mnemonics

A

ROY G BIV

58
Q

Hierarchies/scripts

A

Lawyers use this to get certain answers out of a witness

59
Q

What is the story of HM

A

Had an IQ of 102. was personable, but had bad epilepsy. Low quality of life because of seizures- originated in temporal lobe. Took out temporal lobes. Lived, recovered. Maintained humor, but couldn’t remember new things. Profound amnesia. HM showed the location of the lesion mattered, not the size (Lashley)

60
Q

Tower of Hanoi

A

Takes 37 moves to complete. Milner told HM to do this. He learned it faster and in less trials than the average person even though he had profound amnesia.

61
Q

Consciousness

A

Process by which the brain creates a mental model of our experiences

Most common when awake

62
Q

Preconscious

A

Storehouse of info not currently in conscious but readily available to it

63
Q

Unconscious

A

Houses emotional memories desires and feelings too threatening to be in the conscious

64
Q

Conscious

A

Current me, the scene of the play that’s playing now

65
Q

Benefits of conscious

A

Restricts attention

Mental place where memories and perception take place (imagination)

66
Q

Altered conscious- alcohol

A

Memory/motor impairments
Produces excitation and inhibition
Good for prostate cancer and stress

67
Q

Altered conscious- cocaine/amphetamine

A

In coca cola

Used for eye surgery as a topical anathestic

Can produce tolerance and sensitization

68
Q

Look at Graphs

A

Look At Graphs

69
Q

Why do people sleep?

A

Behaviorists think we sleep because it is safe. The things we are afraid of come out and night and sleeping keeps us safe

70
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Clock in our body that tells our body when to wake up, get tired, be hungry, etc

71
Q

What re sets the circadian rhythm

A

Light
Exercise
Eating
Socializing

72
Q

How does jet lag effect the circadian rhythm

A

When multiple time zones are crossed our body can’t adapt to it. Causes stress which leads to release of cortisol which can affect hippocampal volume which can cause memory impairments

Our clock gets messed up

73
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Above optic chiasma
Controls clock
Receives info from retina

74
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps to fall asleep
Released by pineal gland
Levels begin to rise 2-3 hours before sleep

75
Q

Sleep stage order

A

1, 2, 3, 1, REM

76
Q

Stage one of sleep

A

Irregular, jagged EEG waves
Lower amounts of brain activity
Float from sleep to awake to sleep

77
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

Highlighted by k complexes (a jump in an eg wave) and sleep spindles (rapid activity in an EEG wave)

78
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

EEG becomes synchronized

79
Q

REM sleep

Paradoxal sleep

A

EEG looks awake
muscle tone is lost (ex when you get the head bobs, you lose the muscle tone in your neck to hold your head up because you entered REM sleep
Loss of regulation of body temp

80
Q

DRIS

A

Descending reticular inhibitory system
Inhibits muscle movement in REM
Good because we don’t want to act out the happenings of our dreams

81
Q

DRAM

A

Descending reticular activating system

Increase muscle movement after put of REM

82
Q

Insomnia

A

Not getting enough sleep
Can’t fall asleep or can’t stay asleep
Causes by noise, anxiety, etc

83
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Can’t breathe while sleeping- wake up gasping
Can last up to a minute
Usually not life threatening

84
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Conscious to REM sleep right away

DRIS activates, still awake, visual hallucinations

85
Q

Night terrors

A

Response to stress
DRIS is not right so it causes movement during REM
Conscious but still in REM

Psychology (2 decks)

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