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Middle East > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Qu’raysh

A

one of the very powerful tribes in mecca prior to Muhammad. Muhammad is born to this tribe but his parents die when he is young.

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2
Q

what is the Jahiliya?

A

The Time before the “word of God”

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3
Q

Who marks Muhammad for greatness at a young age?

A

Bahira. He says he sees the “Mark of the Prophets” between his shoulder blades.

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4
Q

Who does muhammad meet in 595?

A

Khadija. She is a widow. He is employed by her and then he marries her and becomes rich

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5
Q

What happened to Muhammad in 610

A

He is camping by mount Hira and is Confronted by Gabriel. Gabriel tells him to read twice and he says he cant read. Gabriel tell him a third time and he can magically read and write.

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6
Q

what happens in 620?

A

Yathrib is on verge of civil war. Ask Muhammad to come help. He is successful when he arrives. soon after, yathrib asks Muhammad to stay and changes its name to medina

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7
Q

September 24, 622

A

Muhammads famous “Hijra” (Flight) to Yathrib. Sneaks out of Mecca. This is an important date to islam because it is made the first year of the Muslim calender.

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8
Q

what is the Umma?

A

The community of the faithful. The common people who accept the god of Abraham. This includes Christians and Jews because they worship god.

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9
Q

What did bloodlines mean to Muhammad

A

He tried to do away with the bloodline loyalty all together.

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10
Q

What happens after the constitution of medina and the Umma are created?

A

The Qu’raysh attack medina and a war continues until the Qu’raysh lose support in Mecca. There is a treaty signed not long after in 630. This is called the TREATY OF HADAIBIYAH. This brings mecca into the Umma.

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11
Q

What happens by 632

A

The entire Arabian Peninsula is brought into the Umma.

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12
Q

What happens on June 8, 632?

A

Muhammad dies on natural causes. The night he dies he rides to Jerusalem from medina. during his ride he ascends to paradise and sees all the other prophets. after he is done, he returns to medina and dies.

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13
Q

what did Muhammad believe about Islam being a new religion?

A

He said it was not a new religion. Just a completion of the religion of Abraham.

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14
Q

What is the definition of a Muslim?

A

Those who have surrendered to gods will

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15
Q

How many names does the Islam God have?

A
  1. most are adjectives but “Alla” most commonly used.
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16
Q

What are the 5 Articles of Belief?

A

Iman- Doctrines of Islam

1) UNITY OF GOD- There is No god, But god.
2) PROPHETHOOD- Adam is first prophet, all old testament prophets are real prophets. Muhammad is the last prophet before judgement. Jesus is considered a prophet. The three big messengers from god are: Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.
3) THE BOOK/WORD OF GOD: New/ old testament had meaning lost. Qur’an is new revelation
4) FINAL JUDGMENT: Resurrection and Judgement (good deeds vs bad deeds)
5) ANGELS AND JINS: Angels are superior beings created to serve god. God commanded the angels to bow to man and one (shaytan) refused. Those who followed him and called Jinns. The two main angels are: Gabriel and Micheal.

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17
Q

What are the 6 Articles of Practice?

A

Ibadat: Pillars of islam

1) SHAHADA: Declaration of faith. One must say “ There is no god but god and Muhammad is his messenger” it must be peaceful, no forced conversions
2) SALAH: Prayer, must be 5 times a day. before dawn, morning, noon, before evening, after sundown. Must be clean when they pray. men and women pray separately. bowing up and down towards mecca is how they do it. Prayers must be done in a mosque on Fridays( Sabbath).
3) ZAKAH: Alms giving. not to be done for show.
4) SAUM: Fasting. Ramadan: Fast from everything during daylight hours during this one month timeframe.
5) HAJJ: Pilgramage to Mecca. must be done at least once in a lifetime. those who do this receive the title of “Hajji” to let other know they have done their pilgrimage.
6) JIHAD: HOLY WAR- Greater Jihad: Internal Struggle between belief and unbelief. Lesser Jihad: Real Holy war that is restricted to defense and must be called by an accepted leader.

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18
Q

Haram =?

A

forbidden. Pork, shellfish, and Alcohol are Haram

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19
Q

What is a mosque leader called

A

Imam

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20
Q

What is the Siyar ?

A

international law between believers and non believers

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21
Q

Dar Al-Salam

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A

House of Peace. Places in the world that have embraced god peacefully.

22
Q

Dar Al-Harb

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A

The House of War. Places/ people who are still in battle about belief in god. supposedly temporary.

23
Q

Which one of the houses will eventually win?

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A

Dar Al- Salam. but until that time, Siyar is law between them.

24
Q

The Siyar contains….

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A

RULES OF TREATY/ AGREEMENT: cannot contradict the shariah. cannot last forever.
RULES OF EMBASSIS AND AMBASSADORS: under gods protection and cannot be harmed.
RULES OF WAR/ JIHAD: when you can attack, prohibits poison. women and children must be spared, etc

25
What are considered to be Holy Cities in islam
MECCA: Muhammad born here MEDINA: Muhammad lived/died here JERUSALEM/AL-QUDS: old/new testament events happened here. The Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aksa Mosque are located here.
26
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims consider which Iraq/iran sites to be important:
NAJAF: Muhammad/Ali buried there KERBALA: Husayn buried there QOM (IRAN): Shia Muslims Consider these sites to be VERY important but Sunni not so much.
27
what 4 problems resulted in Muhammad's death?
1) Sovereignty 2) Succession 3) False Prophets 4) Tribal Uprisings
28
What event lead to the split of Sunni and Shia Muslims/
Muhammad's death
29
How was the title of Caliph Created
"the Companions" of Muhammad create the office after his death. it is an office decided by the companions and ratified by the people. It is essentially a lieutenant of the prophet. not called by god.
30
Who is the first caliph?
Abu-Bakr, everyone but one group followed Abu-Bakr
31
Who opposes Abu-Bakr as Caliph?
SHIA TU-ALI: "the followers of Ali." Ali was Muhammad's closest blood relative and they think that blood lines should dictate who is caliph.
32
What did Abu-Bakr do as Caliph?
Made "false prophets" disappear and negotiates new treaties with tribes that rebelled. usually a forceful treaty.
33
When does Abu-Bakr die and who takes his place?
in 634 of natural causes. he nominates Umar to succeed him.
34
What are the 3 caliphate periods?
1) AL-RASHIDUN: Abu-Bakr, Uman, Uthman, Ali (632-661) 2) UMAYYAD DYNASTY: family dynasty (661-750) 3) ABBASID DYNASTY: 750-1258 - By the end, succession was back to being based on blood lines
35
What happened during Al-Rashidun?
Tribes consolidated, Islamic expansion, Compilation of Qur'an, civil war, etc.
36
Why was Uthman assassinated and by who?
he was assassinated by his own generals because he was trying to put relatives in command of Egypt over them. he also tried to edit the Qur'an and failed.
37
Who is declared the Caliph after Uthman?
Ali. he is declared Caliph by the Shia Tu-Ali. Uthmans, The Umayya, family accuse ali of being behind the assassination. Ali refuses to investigate the death and Mu'awiya starts a civil war between him and Ali.
38
The battle of Siffin
Mu'awiya is about to be destroyed but suddenly asks for negotiations. this saves his life. negotiations fail.
39
What happens to Ali's Army after the battle of Siffin/
Part of them turn against Ali. They call themselves the KHARIJITES. Ali is now facing a war on two fronts and is killed by the Kharijites. Mu' awiya becomes caliph.
40
How many offshoots of Sunni Muslim are there/
72
41
What do the kharijites believe about Caliph/
That it is an elected office elected by all of islam
42
what is the biggest offshoot of Sunni
Shia.
43
who do the Shia originally support?
Ali. but after his murder they shift support to Ali's Sons. Husayn and Hasan. Mu'Awaiya tries to buy them off. hasan accepts his money and is poisoned by his wife. Husayn rejects and continues the war with Mu'awiya
44
What is unique about the Battle of kerballa and what year did it happen in/
in the year 680. it is unique because there is a Sunni version and a Shia Version. The Sunni believe that Husayn and followers were killed in battle. the Shia believe that Husayn was lured there by lies and is captured and tortured to death.
45
What are the Imams?
refered to by only the Shia as Direct descendants of Muhammad. the shia believe the Imams are infoulable, have the ability to communicate with god, are impervious to harm, and supposedly don't cast a shadow. (This violates the doctrine of prophets- Muhammad was supposed to be the last prophet) The last imam disappears in 878 and the shia believe he went into hiding until the final judgement.
46
Who are most noted Imams by shia and what did they do?
1) Ali 2) Hasan 3) Husayn 5) Zayd: Some believe he was the last, Known as "Zaydis" 7) The 6th had two sons one was: Ismail: some believe he was the last too, known as "ismailis." serveral offshoots from this: DRUZE, FATAMID, AND ASSASSINS. assassins follow hasani-Sabbah 12) Mahdi: Disappeared in 878. last imam who cannot be recognized and is in hiding until judgment
47
what is the major difference between Shia and Sunni?
Shia emphasizes on people and interpretation of the law. Sunni focus is on the Qur'an and Sharriah. Shia are more militant but more adaptive.
48
What is the only shia islam state
Iran
49
what percent of Iraq is Shia
60%
50
What is Sufi'ism?
Not an offshoot of any islam. they represent the mystical side of islam. live far away from public, non confrontational but some were in the 1500's. believe everone has anxiety becsause of separation from god at birth and we all are trying to get back to him. they believe that they are a part of god, story of 30 birds...gods name is syborg. Sy=30 Borg=birds
51
what kinds of Small glimpses of god do the Sufi believe in?
Meditation and Dervishes. Dervishes are dancing to you pass out and right as you pass out you get a glimpse of God.

Middle East (4 decks)

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