Exam #2 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Saggital Plane
A
Cuts body into right and left
2
Q
Coronal Plane
A
cuts body into front and back
3
Q
transverse plane
A
cuts body horizontally into a cross section
4
Q
superior/inferior
A
superior= closer inferior= further
5
Q
Anterior/posterior
A
Anterior= towards front Posterior= towards back
6
Q
medial/lateral
A
medial= toward midline lateral= away from midline
7
Q
proximal/distal
A
proximal= closer distal= further
8
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of the long bone, mainly a wall of cortical bone
9
Q
epiphysis
A
ends of the long bone. Filled with trabecular bone covered with cortical bone
10
Q
periosteum
A
outer membrane
11
Q
endosteum
A
inner membrane
12
Q
trabecular bone
A
covered with a layer of compact bone
13
Q
cortical bone
A
the dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity. This type of bone also known as compact bone makes up nearly 80% of skeletal mass
14
Q
functions of bone
A
structure, protection, levers, mineral storage, , bone marrow
15
Q
how many bones are in an adult human body?
A
206
16
Q
3 types of joints
A
ball/socket: (shoulder) most movement
hinge: (elbow)
Saddle: (wrist and metacarpal of thumb)
17
Q
mandible
A
the jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone
18
Q
hyoid
A
only human bone that does not touch another bone. suspended from temporal bone.
19
Q
rib
A
24 total. 1-10 attached directly to sternum.
20
Q
sternum
A
the breastbone.
21
Q
vertebrae
A
cervic, thoracic, lumbar
22
Q
cervical (atlas/axis)
A
7 cervic vertebrae, smallest, at top. atlas & axis are special cervical vertebrae. Atlas + occipital bone = nod head. Atlas + axis = rotate head left and right
23
Q
thoracic
A
12 thoracic vertebrae, medium, in middle
24
Q
lumbar
A
5 lumbar vertebrae, largest, at bottom
25
sacrum
axial skeleton. articulates with most inferior lumbar vertebrae
26
coccyx
tailbone
27
clavical
collarbone
28
scapula
shoulder blade
29
humerus
upper arm
30
ulna
medial bone on forearm
31
radius
lateral bone on forearm
32
carpals
wrist bones (8 per hand)
33
metacarpals
palm bones (5 per hand)
34
manual phalanges
finger bones
35
hip bone
a large bone forming the main part of the pelvis on each side of the body
36
tibia
medial lower leg bone
37
femur
upper leg bone
38
fibula
lateral lower leg bone
39
tarsals
ankle and heels (7 total)
40
metatarsals
soles of feet (5 per foot)
41
pedal phalanges
toe bones (14 per foot)
42
patella
knee cap
43
Enamel
mineralized chewing surface of teeth
44
Dentin
soft shock absorber of teeth
45
Pulp
soft tissue of teeth, nerves, blood vessels
46
Cementum
calcified blood vessels on teeth, anchors teeth to jaw
47
incisor
a narrow-edged tooth at the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting. In humans there are four incisors in each jaw.
48
canine
a pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars of a mammal, often greatly enlarged in carnivores.
49
premolar
a tooth situated between the canine and the molar teeth. An adult human normally has eight, two in each jaw on each side.
50
molar
a grinding tooth at the back of a mammal's mouth.
51
deciduous teeth
primary teeth. (20)
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permanent teeth
(32)
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human dental formula
2.1.2.3
54
Why study primates?
cross-species perspective. helps us understand and model how humans evolved. Insight into human behavior, morphology, culture
55
Prominent features in all primates
arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, parental investment
56
arboreal adaptations
unifying feature of primates. generalized skeletal structure, stereoscopic and color vision, enhanced sense of smell.
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dietary plasticity
unifying feature of all primates. omnivore, generalized dentition
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parental investment
unifying feature of all primates. longer gestation, reduction in number of offspring, intensive care and learning
59
strepsirhini
dental formula 2.1.3.3 nocturnal. post-orbital bar. large olfactory bulb. rhinarium. claws. tooth comb.
60
haplorhini
tarsiers and anthropoids (infraorders) catarrhini and platyrrhini (parvorders) larger bodies/brains, less specialized dentition, diurnal, post orbital closure, more sexually dimorphic
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anthropoidea
infraorder of haplorini
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platyrrhini
new world monkeys. dental formula 2.1.3.3. arboreal quadrupeds. marmosets and tamarins. prehensile tails.
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catarrhini
old world monkeys (apes and humans) dental formula 2.1.2.3 Superfamily cercopithecoidea.
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hominoidea
large brains, no external tail, extensive development period, y-5 lower molar
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cercopithecoidea
diverse habitats, some arboreal, some terrestrial, high level of sexual dimorphism, bilophodont molars, visual estrus
66
gibbons
territorial, brachiation, low sexual dimorphism, frugivore, lesser ape, southeast asia (tropical and subtropical forest)
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geniuses of great apes
Pongo (orangutang), Gorilla (gorilla), Pan (chimps), Homo (humans)
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difference between platyrrhines and catarrhines
dental formula: platyrrhines have one extra premolar.
| Nose: broad in platyrrhines, narrow and hooked in catarrhines
69
Orangutans
solitary, semi-brachiation, high sexual dimorphism, frugivore, borneo and sumatra (asia)
70
Gorillas
one male, multi-female groups, terrestrial, knuckle walking, high sexual dimorphism, folivore, equatorial africa,
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chimpanzees
territorial, variable locomotion, but mostly terrestrial (knuckle walking) low sexual dimorphism, omnivore, equatorial africa
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Humans
complex social structures, bipedal, low sexual dimorphism, omnivore
73
Vertical Clinging and leaping
form of arboreal locomotion. most common in strepsirrhines. long hind limbs, short slender forelimbs, elongated tarsal bones, long hands, long flexible backs.
74
Aboreal quadrupedalism
most common form of locomotion. walk along connected tree branches. less dangerous than leaping for larger primates, old/new world monkeys. equal length fore and hind limbs. lateral scapula keeps arms at sides. flexed limbs keep low center of gravity. grasping feet. long tails for balance.
75
terrestrial quadrupedalism
four legs on the ground. old world monkeys with large bodies, as well as some great apes. equal length limbs, thick and long. restricted joint makes shoulder strong. short digits and tail.
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suspensory locomotion
Use limbs to swing between branches. allows large primates ability to move quickly between large branches too weak to support them. spider monkeys, gibbons, orangutans. mobile wrist joint, long forelimbs, long hind limbs, often lacking a tail.
brachiation: hand over hand swinging. lesser apes.
semi-brachiation: less shoulder rotation. (orangutan)
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Bipedalism
brachiation may be a pre-adaptation. upright walking. Humans are only obligate bipeds.
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Cenozoic Era
65 mya- to present
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Paleocene
mammals
80
eocene epoch
true primates
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oligocene epoch
monkeys
82
miocene epoch
apes
83
pliocene epoch
hominins
84
three hypotheses for emergence of primates
arboreal, visual predation, angiosperm radiation
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pleistocene epoch
humans
86
holocene epoch
humans
87
arboreal hypothesis for emergence of primates
early 1900s. primate traits = arboreal adaptations. movement from life on the ground to life in the trees. Problem: other arboreal mammals lack these traits.
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visual predation hypothesis for emergence of primates
1970s. argues against arboreal hypothesis. primate traits were adaptations to hunting insects and other small prey. hunted in trees and forest undergrowth. needed specialized visual apparatus and grasping digits. problem: many primates eat fruit.
89
angiosperm radiation hypothesis for emergence of primates
late mesozoic= massive diversification of angiosperms (flowering/fruiting plants), visual acuity for finding fruit among the trees. grasping tails = can cling to trees while they eat fruit.
90
plesiadapiforms
diverse mammals emerged at start of paleocene (65 mya) may have been the first primates. most likely ancestor to true primates. most extinct by eocene. western north america, western europe, asia, possibly africa. small brain, no post orbital bar, eyes on side of skull, claws, non opposable digits.
91
euprimates
first true primates, 200 species- africa, asia, west usa, west europe. post orbital bar. convergent eyes. grasping digits/ nails. large brain.
92
adapids
type of euprimate. similar to modern lemurs. long snout. diurnal. anthropoid like characteristics: no tooth comb, high sexual dimorphism,
93
omomyids
type of euprimate. Ancestral to tarsiers. large projecting incisors, short skull, narrow snout, nocturnal, large eye orbit
94
basal anthropoids
type of euprimate. sometimes considered first anthropoid. east asia. shorter snout. moved through trees like monkeys but not clingers and leapers.
95
parapithecids
36-32 mya. dental formula 2.1.3.3 may be ancestor to platyrrhines.
96
proliopithecids
32-39 mya. more derived features than platyrrhines. Dental formula 2.1.2.3. Large y-5 molars. some sexual dimorphism. ancestral to catarrhines.
97
proconsolids
Arose in east africa. 2.1.2.3. large brain. sexual dimorphism. diastema. tooth wear. arboreal quadruped.
98
Four hypotheses regarding how platyrrhines reached south america
North american migration, rafting, walking through antartica, independent evolution.
99
north american migration
Euprimates from north America migrated south. Platyrrhines not related to higher primates. Problem: no evidence.
100
rafting
originated in Africa, potentially from higher primates. They came over on rafts made of natural vegetation. ocean was much smaller then.
101
walking through antartica
Walked from Africa to South America through Antartica. Antartica was warmer and less icy than today.
102
independent evolution
arose independently in South America. Never related to Catarrhines. Problem: no evidence of earlier platyrrhines. Strong anatomical and genetic relation between old and new world primates.
103
R-selected Species
more offspring. less parental involvement. shorter lifepan. shorter childhood.
104
K- selected species
fewer offspring-higher parental involvement. longer lifespan. longer childhood.
105
Advantages and Disadvantages of living in groups
Advantages: protection, access to resources, access to mates, cooperative child rearing. Disadvantages: competition for resources, opportunity for violence, competition for mates, increased spread of disease.
106
Female Reproductive strategies
Soliciting males. Refusal to mate with non-choice males
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Male Reproductive Strategies
Impregnation of multiple females. Physical competition with other males. Infanticide.
108
How does male-male competition influence sexual dimorphism?
competition among males for mates results in a larger body size and louder calls. This is otherwise known as sexual dimorphism.
109
polygyny
one male multi female. most common type. sexual dimorphism. female selects male. infanticide.
110
polyandry
one female multi-male. most rare. only in some NWM. Marmosets and tamarins. female has twins. Males raise offspring.
111
multi female, multi male
many OWM, some NWM. Chimps. provides protection and more affective food acquisition.
112
all male bachelor group
temporary. Gelada baboon. infiltrate harem and evict dominant male.
113
monogamy
rare. Indris, tarsiers. Males share territory/defense w/ female. low sexual dimorphism. father knows his offspring. Gibbons.
114
solitary
female and offspring forage alone. one male rage encompasses many female ranges. norcutrnal strepsirrhines and tarsiers.
115
Altruism
behavior that benefits others while negatively affecting the one taking the action.
116
Kin selection
help your relatives survive because they share your genes. This increases your inclusive fitness.
117
Reciprocal altruism vs general altruism
reciprocal altruism: help even non-relatives as long as you can expect the same in return. warning calls and grooming are examples.
118
grooming and playing
maintain close contact between family members and non-related group members. Eases Tensions. promotes group cohesion.
119
alloparenting
Caring for others who are not your own. usually done by females.
120
group hunting
chimps. different roles during the hunt. near 100% success rate. share food- share access to mate.
121
warning calls
allows other members of the group to escape danger. disadvantage: Alerts predators to your location.
122
tool use
chimps. termite fishing. chewed leaves as sponges. rocks for breaking open nuts.
