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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lopophorates

A
  • Brachiopoda: live in cold, deep ocean
  • Phoronida
  • bryozoa
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2
Q

Rotifers

A
  • microscopic, multicellular animals
  • live in water nd around moist soil
  • flowing or still water, moist terrestrial
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3
Q

molluska

A

*mantel (shell), covers internal organs
-ventral foot
-most have circulatory system: 2 ventrical hearts, O mixing in open system circ.
-radula
bivalves
-marine, some fresh water, few terrestrial
-free swimming in marine habitat, have cilliated larva

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4
Q

phylum Polyplacophora

A

chitons: marine like animals with flattened bodies
- adhere to rock
- shells have 8 overlapping plates
- reduced head, no eyes
- rocky zones
- stay on rocks by suction foot
- true gut
- they clean off rocky areas

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5
Q

class gastropoda

A
  • contort bodies
  • live everywhere
  • largest group of mollusks
    ex: snails, slugs, relatives
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6
Q

True coelomate

A

a fluid-filled body cavity
 completely lined by mesoderm between digestive tube and
outer body wall

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7
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

a body cavity that is not

completely lined with mesoderm.

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8
Q

Acoelomates

A

no body cavity

 solid body filled with gelatin-like tissue

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9
Q

Significance of Coelom

A

1) Allows tube-within-a-tube body plan
 body wall is outer tube
 inner tube is digestive tube
 attached at both ends
 can move food independently of body movement
2) Allows for an enclosed compartment
(or series of compartments) of fluid under
pressure
 4) A space in which internal organs develop
 including gonads
 Most have well developed circulatory, excretory,
and nervous systems
 5) Helps transport materials
 Food, oxygen and wastes
 Cells bathed by coelomic fluid can exchange
material
 6) Protects internal organs
 Suspended within folds of tissue lining
 cushions
 3) Serve as hydrostatic skeleton
 contracting muscles push against tube of
fluid allowing for a greater range of
movement
 gives body shape to some animals
(structure = function)
 swimming, crawling, or walking

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10
Q

example of acoelomate

A

flatworm (liver fluke)

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11
Q

example of pseudocoelom

A

nematode

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12
Q

example of coelom

A

true coelomate - vertebrate

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13
Q

Protostomes

A

a multicellular organism
whose mouth develops from a primary
embryonic opening.
 Ex: Annelids, Mollusks, flatworms, Roundworms, Arthropods

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14
Q

protostomes characteristics

A

spiral cleavage, with determined fate
 development of mouth from blastopore
 coelom

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15
Q

two branches of protostomes

A

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

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16
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A 
(crest bearing animals)
 Nemerteans
 ribbon worms
 Platyhelminths
 flatworms
 Mollusks
 Annelids
 Lophophorate phyla
 ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding mouth
 Rotifers
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17
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

nematodes (roundworms) and arthropods

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18
Q

Phylum Nemertea

(Ribbon Worms

A

Characterized by proboscis
 muscular tube for capturing food, defense
 true carnivores & predatory

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19
Q

Phylum Nemertea

(Ribbon Worms

A 
 Most live in marine environments
 Most are free-living
 Most have separate sexes
 Reproduce sexually or asexually
 fragmentation
 Acoelomate
 No real body cavity
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20
Q

Ribbon Worm

A 
 Nemerteans have:
 tube-within-a-tube body plan
 complete digestive tract with mouth
and anus
 Circulatory system
 Nervous system
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21
Q 
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms)
A 
Flatworms – simple acoelomate (no body
cavity) animals with
 bilateral symmetry
 cephalization (head)
 3 tissue layers
 well-developed organs
Many are hermaphrodites
 single animal produces both sperm and
eggs
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22
Q 
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms
A

 Ladder-type nervous system
 sense organs
 simple brain composed of two ganglia
 2 nerve cords that extend the length of body
 Protonephridia (ciliated excretory tubes)
 function in osmoregulation and disposal of
metabolic wastes

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23
Q

3 Classes of

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A 
 Class Turbellaria
-free-living flatworms, planarians
 Classes Trematoda and Monogenea
-parasitic flukes (internal & external)
 Class Cestoda
-parasitic tapeworms
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24
Q

Planarian

A 
Free-living flatworms
found in ponds and
streams.
 Reception for locating food
 Ear flaps (auricles)
 Capable of learning
 Carnivorous
 Developed digestive
system
 Capable of regeneration
 as long as all three tissue
layers are present
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25
Parasitic Flukes and Tapeworms
``` Typically have suckers or hooks  for holding on to their hosts  Have complicated life cycles  with intermediate hosts  large numbers of eggs ```
26
Parasitic Flukes
```  Blood flukes & liver flukes  Complicated life cycles  With intermediate host  Ex: snails, fish  Typically found in tropical areas of the world & Asia  Where humans use own feces for fertilizing crops. ```
27
Parasitic Flukes
 Definitive host (primary) – house adult liver flukes within liver  Eggs leave liver, to intestine and out body  Summary of Lifecycle:  Free swimming larvae penetrates suitable snail or fish  Intermediate host – house larval stages of life cycle (asexually reproducing larva)  Developed larvae leave host & encyst on aquatic vegetation for prolonged periods
28
Tapeworms
``` Parasite  Live in intestine  Ex: most vertebrates  Body type:  Long  Flat  No digestive system  Absorb predigested nutrients from host  Ribbonlike  Shedding segments (proglottids) for reproduction, have both male and female parts  Head with hooks & suckers  Attach to host ```
29
scolex
head of tapeworm with 4 suckers | -tapeworm in human 8-11 ft long
30
Phylum Annelida | Segmented Worms
```  Annelida:  Polychaetes, Oligocheates (Earthworms, CA Black worms), Leeches  Habitat:  marine, freshwater, moist terrestrial  Body type:  Conspicuously long bodies  Segmentation  both internally and externally (> 100 rings)  May swim freely or use type of paddle (parapodia)  Skeleton – important in movement  Setae – bristle, for traction ```
31
Segmented Worms
```  Some structures extend the length of body  Digestive tract, nerves  Excretory organs  Repeated in segments  Large, compartmentalized coelom  serves as hydrostatic skeleton ```
32
Class Polychaeta
```  Marine worms with parapodia  appendages for locomotion, gas exchange  Parapodia have many setae  traction bristles  Well-defined head with sense organs  unlike other annelids ```
33
Class Oligochaeta
```  Earthworms  Characterized by few short setae per segment  Hermaphroditic  Both male and female sex organs  Body divided into > 100 segments  separated internally by septa  Clitellum = copulatory gland at segment 31 or 32  form cocoon ```
34
Class Oligochaeta
```  California Black Worm  Shallow freshwater habitats  Ponds, lakes, marshes  Locomotion  few short setae & body movement  Both sexual and asexual reproduction  Feed on decaying vegetation  Body divided into 200-250 segments  separated internally by septa  Clitellum, forms cocoon ```
35
Class Hirudinea
```  Leeches  Characterized by absence of setae and appendages  Parasitic leeches have suckers  for holding on to their host ```
36
Lophophorate Phyla
 Marine animals with a lophophore  Ex: Brachiopods, Phoronids, Bryozoans  Lophophore  ciliated ring of tentacles surround the mouth  specialized to capture particles in water
37
Lophophorates
Sub Phylum Brachiopoda  common  deep cold waters
38
Lophophorates
 Sub Phylum Phoronida “Horseshoe worm”  uncommon  shallow sediment
39
Lophophorates
```  Sub Phylum Bryozoa “Moss animals”  Marine and freshwater  live in colonies  Rocks, shells, piers, docks ```
40
Phylum Rotifers
 Rotifers = microscopic, multicellular animals.  Inhabit water around soil particles  Crown of cilia  Flowing or still aquatic (both marine & freshwater) & moist terrestrial Bodies adapted to survive dry conditions  Reproduce both sexually and asexually Body cavity partially lined with mesoderm  Muscular organ used to grind food  typically live on dead or dying organic material
41
Phylum Mollusca
```  Soft-bodied animals  usually covered by a shell  Ventral foot  for locomotion  Mantle  covers visceral mass (body organs) ```
42
Phylum Mollusca
```  Most have open circulatory system  Cephalopods have closed circulatory system  Most have rasplike radula for feeding  Bivalves are suspension feeders  Most mollusks are marine, but some are freshwater and few are terrestrial.  Marine have free-swimming, ciliated trochophore larva ```
43
Class Polyplacophora
```  Chitons:  Marine animals with flattened bodies  Shells consist of 8 overlapping plates  Reduced head, no eyes  Most live in rocky intertidal zones ```
44
Class Gastropoda
```  Fresh or marine habitats, but can live in moist terrestrial.  Largest group of mollusks  snails, slugs, and their relatives  Body undergoes torsion  a twisting of the visceral mass ```
45
Class Bivalvia
 Includes aquatic clams, oysters,muscles, scallops  Two-part shell  Valves connected by ligaments – open shell  Adductor muscles – close shell  hinged dorsally & opens ventrally  allows foot to protrude ventrally for locomotion & burrowing  encloses bodies  Suspension feeders (filter feeders)  Feed by straining food particles from water
46
Class Cephalopoda
 Includes squids, octopods, Nautilus  May have no shell, internal shell, or outer shell  Some have a beak – to kill and tear apart prey  Fast, predatory swimmers  Tentacles/arms surround the mouth  8 in octopus, 10 in squid, 90 or more in Nautilus  located in the large head  Well developed eyes that form images
47
Phylum Nematoda | Roundworms
```  Highly successful ecdysozoans  Roundworms live in aquatic and moist terrestrial environments.  parasites  Characteristics:  Sexual reproduction  Hermaphroditic (male/female parts)  internal fertilization  Complete Gut  with both mouth & anus  Pseudocoelom  Cavity not fully lined with mesoderm ```
48
Phylum Nematoda | Roundworms
```  Body type:  Slender, tapered at both ends  Body covered by tough non-living cuticle  molting – shed all at once  helps prevent desiccation  Parasitic Nematodes in Humans:  Ascaris (in intestines of little kids with swollen bellies)  Hookworms  Trichinella  Pinworms  Free-living Nematodes:  Turbatrix aceti (Vinegar eels) ```
49
Trichinella
 Trichinosis – a parasite caused disease, that infects and damages body tissues. -Intestinal,  Muscular  Most persist within muscle.  Passed Food-borne infection = animal food/grain supply is infected by infected meat, pork,
50
Turbatrix aceti (Vinegar eels)
```  Free-living  Non-parasitic, but can be consumed  Small  3mm (~1/8 inch)  Habitat  Congregate near the surface of water  Food source of other animals  Grow well in unpasteurized (organic) apple cider vinegar ```
51
Phylum Arthropoda
 Arthropod - segmented animals with paired, jointed appendages  Armor-like exoskeleton  Made of chitin, must shed, open circ system
52
Phylum Arthropoda
Types/forms: Aquatic - have gills for gas exchange  Terrestrial - have either tracheae or book lungs
53
Subphylum Myriapoda
 2 Classes  Chilopoda (centipedes)  Diplopoda (millipedes)  Pauropoda (pauropods) & Symphyla (symphylans)
54
Myriapoda
head & trunk  Uniramous appendages  Single series of segments (unbranched Multiple pairs of legs (myriad + foot)  Illacme plenipes, a millipede that inhabits central California, has 750 legs
55
myriapoda
 Single pair of antennae  Simple eyes  pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae  (millipedes only have one pair of maxillae).  Most myriapods are detritivores  live on decaying plant material  Centipedes - they are mainly nocturnal predators.  Most live in forests, but some live in desert & grasslands
56
Subphylum Chelicerata
```  Merostomes  horseshoe crabs  Arachnids  spiders, mites, scorpions, and relatives  Body:  Cephalothorax – fused head and thorax  Abdomen  6 pairs of uniramous, jointed appendages  Rear 4 pairs serve as walking legs ```
57
Subphylum Chelicerata
```  First appendages = chelicerae  Second appendages = pedipalps  Appendages adapted for manipulation of food, locomotion, defense, copulation  Scorpions have enlarged pedipalps  No antennae, no mandibles ```
58
Subphylum Crustacea
```  Crustacea = “seafood”  Most are marine, some freshwater & terrestrial  Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, pill bugs, barnacles, and others  Body:  Cephalothorax – fused head and thorax  Abdomen  Most have five pairs of walking legs ```
59
Subphylum Crustacea
```  Two pairs of antennae  sense taste and touch  Third appendages are mandibles  for chewing  Two pairs of maxillae  posterior to mandibles  manipulate and hold food ```
60
Subphylum Hexapoda
```  Includes class Insecta  articulated, tracheated hexapods ```
61
Insects
``` Occupy almost every kind of freshwater and terrestrial habitat.  due in part to wings Body:  Head, thorax, and abdomen  Uniramous appendages  Single series of segments (unbranched)  Single pair of antennae  Tracheae for gas exchange  Malpighian tubules for excretion  don’t open directly to the exterior, must pass through rectum ```
62
Insect Adaptations
```  Versatile exoskeleton  Segmentation  Specialized jointed appendages  Highly developed sense organs  Ability to fly  Metamorphosis  transition from one developmental form to another  reduces intraspecific competition ```
63
Insect Adaptations
 Insects have developed  effective reproductive strategies  effective mechanisms for defense, offense  ability to communicate

Animal Kingdom (1 decks)

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