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Anthropology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

Food Production

A

Agriculture: intentional planting of domesticated crops

Intensive Agriculture: maintaining fields under cultivation for a long time (permanent). Use plows, draft animals, machines, etc

Horticulture

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2
Q

Horticulture

A
  • plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods (planting crops w/o animals)
  • absence of permanent cultivated fields

Types:

1) Shifting Cultivation: splash and burn
2) Dry Land Gardening: farming lands with little rainfall

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3
Q

Herding/Pastoralism

A

Pastoralism: maintenance of domesticated animals (breeding, herding, harvesting live stock)

Domestication:
•nomadic pastoralists- highly mobile pastoralists, nomadic pastoralists

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4
Q

4 Types of Human-Environment Relationships

A

1) hunting and gathering
2) food production
3) herding/Pastoralism
4) industrialism

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5
Q

Authority vs Power

A

Authority: the consent of the people to be led

Power: the ability to force people to comply with a leaders commands and transform a given situation
• motivation, influence, manipulation
• affected by history
• differs from society to society

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6
Q

Modes of social power:

A

1) interpersonal power
2) structural power
3) organizational power

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7
Q

Interpersonal Power

A

Ability of one individual to impose their will on another

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8
Q

Structural Power

A

Controls the allocation of social labor and organizes social settings

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9
Q

Organizational Power

A

How individuals or social units limit actions of others in particular social settings

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10
Q

Systems of Political Organization

What are they and what are the different organizations

A

• different ways power is managed and expressed, means through which society creates and maintains social order

1) Uncenterialized Political System (band and tribe)
2) Centralized Political System (chiefdom and state)

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11
Q

Economics

A

A system of production, exchange, and consumption of resources, including the cultural beliefs that support economic process: the activities people engage in to obtain goods and services.
> embedded in the social process and cultural pattern

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12
Q

The Emic Perspective

A

Understanding the motivations of the participants

  • their varying goals
  • value can vary
  • risk avoidance is also very important
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13
Q

Economics- production, consumption, exchange

A

Production: system of creating goods and services
Consumption: use of goods and services
Exchange: transferring goods and services. Exchange is generally classified into three systems- reciprocal exchange, redistribution, market exchange

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14
Q

Hunting and Gathering

A
  • subsistence based on the collection of naturally occurring plants and animals
  • seasonal mobility
  • seasonal congregation and dispersal •Fissioning= splitting groups; reduction in overall group size
  • reciprocal sharing
  • resource allocation/territories established

Domestication:
• intentional planting and cultivation of plants/taming of animals
• sedimentary lifestyles –> living in one location year round

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15
Q

Division of Labor

A
  • specialized economic roles and activities

* generally varies on size and socio-political complexity of society

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16
Q

Each society has rules to regulate access to resources….

A
  • land, water, labor and the materials from which tools are made
  • productive resources are used to create other goods or information (material goods, natural resources, or information)
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17
Q

Sexual Division of Labor

A
  • universal characteristics of society
  • in foraging societies, men generally hunt and women generally gather
  • in agricultural societies, both men and women play important roles in food production.
  • in some societies modes of exchange may be divided among gender lines
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18
Q

Exchanges involve:

A

• material goods, symbolic goods, labor, money, people

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19
Q

Forms of Exchange

A

1) reciprocity
2) redistribution
3) market exchange

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20
Q

Reciprocity

A
  • individuals contribute to the system w/o any set rules regarding quantity or timing, and material is distributed according to needs
  • the flow of products and services is not contingent on any definite counter-flow
  • usually characteristic of relatively egalitarian societies
  • exist is in some form in every society
  • multi dimensional- open to all segments of societies

Forms of exchange:

1) reciprocity
2) trade and barter

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21
Q

Forms of Reciprocity and Trade/Barter

A

1) Reciprocity
- generalized reciprocity: value is NOT calculated
- balanced reciprocity: value IS known
- negative reciprocity: pay as little as possible

2) Trade and Barter
- Trade = EQUAL value
- Barter = negotiated value

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22
Q

Redistribution

A
  • gifts, tribute, taxes, spoils of war
  • goods arrive at a center so location, are sorted, counted and all reallocated
  • tribute = providing goods to authority figure

Motives:

  • gain or maintain a position of super it’s
  • assure popular support of community
  • establish alliances
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23
Q

Redistribution: Non Market vs Market Systems

A

1) Egalitarian Redistribution: Carried out by a distributor who does not benefit materially from the exchange, but may gain prestige
2) Stratified Redistribution: orchestrated by the distributor who gains material wealth from the exchange

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24
Q

Market Exchange

A
  • buying and selling of goods and services
  • money: the use of an object to symbolize and measure the social value of other objects

SOME Qualities of money:
Portability: convenient to be carried
Divisibility: divided into various values
Generality: everything has a price

Mechanisms of Change:

  • invention
  • diffusion: spread of ideas from one group to the next; borrowing
  • migration- movement of a person or people from one place to another
  • Devolution (cultural loss)- loss w/o replacement of a cultural trait
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25
Capitalism
An extreme from of monetary economy where everything, including labor, land, and housing is assigned a value
26
Economic System
People work for wages. Land and capital goods are privately owned. Capital is invested for individual profit. A small part of the population owns most of the resources or capital goods
27
Mechanisms of Change in a Market Exchange
- invention - diffusion: spread of ideas from one group to the next; borrowing - migration- movement of a person or people from one place to another - Devolution (cultural loss)- loss w/o replacement of a cultural trait
28
Ethnocentrism
Believing ones opinions or way of like is the correct way
29
Cultural Relativism
Being able to understand other points of view (other cultures)
30
Human Agency
The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings
31
Free Agency
The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another from dominance
32
Subculture
A culture within a culture
33
Enculturation
The gradual acquisition of the characteristics and Norms of a sulfite or group by a person, another culture, etc. (often a struggle)
34
Roles
Different people take on different roles in a society in order to keep it functioning
35
Habitus
Learning a culture through being a part of it
36
Barrel Model
Indestructible (bottom)- economic foundation Social Structure (middle)- rights and obligations Super Structure (top)- ideology
37
Ethnographic Fieldwork
Study of living members of a society
38
Ethnographic Fieldwork
Study of living members of a society
39
Ethnography vs. ethnology
``` Ethnography= one culture Ethnology= multiple cultures ```
40
Ethnohistory
Study of written accounts
41
Fieldwork
Most common, informant observes
42
Participant Observation
Type of data collection that deals with observing a participant to the study
43
Ethnographic Techniques
Interviews, participant observation, and recall ethnography
44
Reflexivity
Critical thinking about how one thinks
45
Informants/key consultants
People who are able to talk to the researcher and give them the most information about their culture and how things work
46
Kinship
Being related through marriage, birth, mating, bodily substance
47
Relatedness
Socially recognized ties that relate people in different ways
48
Descent
Principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong
49
Bilateral Descent
Descent through mothers and fathers equally
50
Unruliness Descent
Descent through either the father or mother, only one
51
Matrilineal Descent
Descent through the mothers side
52
Patrilineal Descent
Descent through the fathers side
53
Ambilineal Descent
A system combining both uni lineal descent groups- i.e. Both patrilineal and matrilineal groups in which one belongs to ones fathers and/or mothers descent group
54
Lineage
Trace descent from known ancestors
55
Clan
Common sometimes mythical ansestor
56
Phraty
A tribal subdivision; several totemic groups
57
Moiety
Two social or ritual groups into which a people is divided
58
Totems
Worship of ancestors to another physical being
59
Patterns of Marital Residence
Patrilocality- living w/ father Matrilocality- living w/ mother Bilocality- living near one member Avincolocality- live w/ near husbands brother Neolocality- live apart from both families
60
Examples of Kinship Systems
Eskimo- like ours Hawaiian- color coded Iroquois- complex
61
Fictive Kin
Forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguinal (blood ties) nor affinal (by marriage) ties, in contrast to true kinship ties
62
Endogamy vs. Exogamy
Marriage within a group (endogomy) vs marriage outside of a group (exogomy)
63
Polygyny
One man= many wives
64
Polyandry
One women= many husbands
65
Fictive/Ghost Marraige
Marriage to something/one not physically present
66
Cross-cousin vs. parallel cousin
Cross cousin= parents opposite sex sublime | Parallel cousin= parents same sex sibling
67
Dowry
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage
68
Coercion
Power is best understood as a physical force
69
Domination
Coercive rule
70
Ideology
Justifies social arrangements under which people live
71
Hegemony
Persuasion of others to accept the ideology of one dominant group
72
Chiefdom
Religious politics, single ruler
73
Reciprocity
The exchange of goods and services of equal value 1- generalized: return isn't specified 2- balanced: return is expected in a certain amount of time limit 3- negative: hope to get something for nothing
74
Market exchange
Goods for money
75
Social stratification
Form of organization where people have unequal access to wrath, goods, etc
76
Types of Society
Ranked- ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief Egalitarian- socioeconomic strays based upon their occupation and income, wrath and social status, or derived power
77
Open vs. Closed Caste
``` Open= able to move Closed= stuck in one spot ```
78
Rites of Intensification
A ritual or ceremony pro formed by a community in a time of crisis that affects all members, as a rain dance during a drought
79
Religious specialists
Shamans-'high statues, part time, cure thru doing, pantomime, etc. Priests- full time Sorcerers- evil Witches- evil Mediums- medium between life and death
80
Divination
Answers from a supernatural to provide guidance
81
Magic (& it's 2 types)
Beliefs and practices to control visible things 1. Simulation- voodoo dolls 2. Contagious- the principle that things or persons once in contact can afterword influence each other
82
Only animal to be domesticated
Dog
83
Marginal areas
Habitats not allowing for easy exploitation via modern agricultural technologies. Hard to farm. (Ex: tundra, Arctic, desert...)
84
Transhumance
Seasonal migration for herding
85
Kinship studies
Founding father of kinship studies was Lewis Henry Morgan
86
Marriage
Institution that transforms the status of participants. Gives permitted sexual access, gives social patterns, and creates relationships between the kind of partners. Establishes reciprocal rights and obligations. Culturally sanctioned between 2 or more people
87
Incest Taboo
Prohibition of sexual contact between close relatives
88
Child-Familiarity Theory | incest taboo
Siblings not sexually attracted to each other
89
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory (incest taboo)
Reaction against unconscious desires
90
Family-Disruption Theory | Insects taboo
Sexual tension disrupts the family function
91
Cooperation Theory (incest taboo)
Taboo promotes cooperation
92
Inbreeding Theory (incest taboo)
Detrimental biological consequences
93
Monogamy
One male and one female relationship
94
Group Marraige
Several makes and several females
95
Family
A social economic unit consisting of parent and child. Often times related by blood, marraige, or adoption
96
Socioeconomic Status
Specific relation of position to division of labor, political systems, etc
97
Social Stratification
Social groups having u equal access to important advantages * economic resources * power * prestige
98
Class vs. Cast system
Class: (open) •mobility up and down •movement associated with increased or des creased access to prestige Caste: (closed) • social status given at birth • can't move up or down • in some cases, mechanisms to move down exist
99
Social Class
Group with relatively equal access to rewards, members rarely organize. Defining social class: - social mobility - marriage - innovation/talent - lottery/inheritance
100
Wealth in Calculating Social Class
1) wealth is measurable 2) wealth represents benefits of membership 3) correlated with ownership of production 4) tied to access to political power
101
Theories of Inequality
1) Functional Theory of Inequality- inequality motivates the best and brightest 2) Conflict Theory- stratification controls resources and labor
102
Politics
The organized use of public power: is opposed to the more private micro politics of family and domestic groups
103
Uncenterialized Political Organization
Band: - mobile - less than 50 people Tribe: - kin and non kin groups - share common ancestry - typically associated with horticulturists and pastoralists
104
Centralized Political Organization
Chiefdom: - regional polities - single ruler State: - largest and most complex political system - manage and defend large society - powerful centralized government
105
Legitimacy
The right to govern
106
Internalized Control
Learned beliefs about what is right/wrong and acceptable/unacceptable (norms)
107
Externalized Control
Sanctions which encourage conformity to social norms, includes incentives to confirm (laws)
108
Legal Systems (2 types)
1) self help legal system: informal, associated with Uncenterialized political systems 2) court systems: authority vested in the court, associated with centralized political systems
109
Resolution of conflict- avoidance
Parties voluntarily avoid each other or are super ate until emotions cool down
110
Resolution of conflict- community action
Group involvement enforces solutions
111
Resolution of conflict- toleration
Issue is essentially ignores and relations continue
112
Resolution of conflict- negotiation
Disputants handle the situation themselves
113
Resolution of conflict- mediation
A process in which a 3rd party tries to bring about a settlement
114
Animism
* Edward Tylor- founder of modern anthropology * a type of consciousness in animate and inanimate objects * nature energized/brought to life by spiritual beings
115
Fear in Religion
* ancient humanity was insecure because of the forces of nature * Lucretius offered this as an explanation of origin of religion --> "we fear what we do not know."
116
Supernatural forces: mana
A supernatural, impersonal force that inhibits certain objects or people and is believed to confer success and/or strength
117
Supernatural forces: taboo
A prohibition that if violates is believed to bring supernatural punishment
118
Supernatural Beings | 2 origins
1) nonhuman origin- gods or goddesses, spirit | 2) human origin/ ghosts, and estriol spirits
119
Rites of Passage
Category of ritual that enacts a change in status
120
Rites of Insentification
Ease the sense of danger and calm the larger group
121
High God/Deity Revelation
* Wilhem Schmidt * rooted against evolutionary view of religion * believed most ancient people had a belief in a higher being
122
Role of Religion
``` • social/psychological needs • shared religion - group norms - moral sanctions - community Religion is needed for... • intellectual understanding • reversion to childhood feelings • anxiety and uncertainty • a need for community • a need for cooperation ```
123
Religion
A set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be. Often revealed through insights to a supernatural power and lived out in community. --> ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond which is immediately available to us via the senses
124
Ways To Get In Touch With The Supernatural
- prayer: asking for supernatural intervention - physiological experience - simulation - feasts - sacrifices - magic - divination

Anthropology 2 (1 decks)

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