Exam 2

Question 1

Cytokines

Answer 1

Glycoproteins that are released to tell the body to initiate an immune response

Question 2

Interferons

Answer 2

Specialized cytokines related to viral infections

Question 3

Phagocytes

Answer 3

Polymorphonuclear phagocytes (neutrophils)
Mononuclear- monocytes or macrophages
Eosinophils

Question 4

Phagocytosis

Answer 4

Engulfment and digestion of infectious agents or other foreign bodies by phagocytes

Question 5

Adaptive immunity

Answer 5

Consists of antibody response (humoral) and lymphocyte-mediated response (cell-mediated)
Tailored to a particular microbial infection and characterized by memory

Question 6

Primary and secondary humoral response

Answer 6

Primary: busy building memory, takes more time to build, weaker response, utilizes IgM
Secondary:knows exactly what to do 
 has shorter lag phase 
Greater magnitude 
Class-switches IgG

Question 7

Paratope

Answer 7

Antigen binding site on the antibody

Located on Fab variable region of the antibody

Question 8

Epitope

Answer 8

Antigen determinant binding site on the antigen

Question 9

Humoral immunity

Answer 9

Mediated by antibodies secreted by antigen-activated B cells and their progeny plasma cells

Question 10

Reservoir

Answer 10

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
Maintain pathogens over time, from year to year or generation to generation

Question 11

Vertical transmission

Answer 11

From reservoir host to its offspring

• congenital
• perinatal

Question 12

Congenital vertical transmission

Answer 12

Some pathogens can cross the placenta

Question 13

Perinatal vertical transmission

Answer 13

During parturition, via colostrum

Question 14

Horizontal transmission

Answer 14

From reservoir to a new host

• direct
• indirect
• airborne

Question 15

Vehicle

Answer 15

An inanimate object which serves to communicate disease

• common vehicle
• fomite

Question 16

Vector

Answer 16

Living organism that serves to communicate disease (Arthropods)
Mechanical
Biological

Question 17

Determinants that increase the likelihood of disease transmission

Answer 17

Pathogen
Reservoir
Transmission
Host

Question 18

Primary level of disease prevention

Answer 18

Aimed at maintaining a healthy population
By vaccination
Or applying proper bio security measures

Question 19

Secondary level of disease prevention

Answer 19

Attempts to minimize damage after disease has occurred
Screening for breast cancer
In a herd- test and slaughter and stamping out

Question 20

Tertiary level of disease prevention

Answer 20

Rehab after primary and secondary fail
Applies to individual
Symptomatic, disease patient or population
Goal is to reduce complications p, slow down the professionals reduce severity of symptoms
Maintain the best quality of life

Question 21

Neutralization (of host reservoir)

Answer 21

Testing and slaughtering
Mass therapy
Environment manipulation

Question 22

Ways to break the chain of infection

Answer 22

Neutralization (host reservoir)
Interruption (mode of transmission)
Protection (portal of entry)
Immunization treatment (new susceptible host )

Question 23

Isolation

Answer 23

Animal known to be ill
Reduces probability of contact with susceptible host
Facilitates treatment

Question 24

Quarantine

Answer 24

Animals who have been exposed to disease

Doesn’t need to have any symptoms

Question 25

Chemoprophylaxis

Answer 25

Passive means of protection Anti microbial drugs Not best method

Question 26

Immunization

Answer 26

Best method | Vaccination

Question 27

The four Ws of immunization

Answer 27

Where-endemic area When-seasons Who-population at risk Why-loss caused by disease is greater than cost of vaccination

Question 28

Herd immunity

Answer 28

Vaccination of significant portion of population provides measure of protection For individuals who have not developed immunity

Question 29

OIE guidelines for animal disease control program

Answer 29

``` Rationale Set goals and objectives Program planning Implementation Diagnostic capability Vaccination and other control measures Traceability Regional cooperation Social participation Role of research in support of disease control programme Training and capacity building ```

Question 30

Establish disease control program

Answer 30

Situation Impact Level of interest and involvement of stakeholders

Question 31

Sentinel surveillance

Answer 31

Trapping and testing Use sentinel animals Dead birds testing Sentinel serology

Question 32

National labs

Answer 32

Most important | Unique resources to handle highly infectious agents

Question 33

Reference labs

Answer 33

Ensure timely local response to threat agent

Question 34

Sentinel labs

Answer 34

In field Front lines Direct contact with patients

Question 35

Vaccination and other control measures requirements

Answer 35

Role of vaccination Vaccine quality Vaccine delivery Vaccine and antigen banks

Question 36

DIVA

Answer 36

Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals

Question 37

Outbreak investigation

Answer 37

``` Preparation for field work Coordination with public health Confirmation of report triggered investigation Confirm diagnosis Follow-up and tracing Collection and analysis of data Control and preventative measures Documentation and reporting ```

Question 38

GLEWS

Answer 38

Global early warning system

Question 39

FAO

Answer 39

Food and agriculture organization of United Nations

Question 40

WHO

Answer 40

World health organization

Question 41

Constitutive factors of innate immunity

Answer 41

``` Age Genetics Metabolic factors Neuroendocrine factors Environment ```