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Intro to Forensics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Adenbom Code Name

A

From Aden, Yemen, and bomb.

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2
Q

Adenbom

A

October 2000.
8:49 AM USS Cole moors in Aden, Yemen for fueling.
Terrorists row to side of boat with explosives.
11:22 AM Port side explosion occurs.
Kills 17 Americans and wounds 40.

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3
Q

Adenbom Terrorists

A

USS The Sullivans in January 2000, also refueled at Aden.

First attempt fails due to heavy explosives in boat.

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4
Q

Adenbom Crime Scenes

A 
USS Cole.
Underwater beneath the Cole.
Ramstein and Dover AFB (hospitals).
Apartment used by terrorists to survey Cole.
Sites in ashore in Aden. 
Mississippi.
UAE.
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5
Q

Adenbom Evidence

A 
40 tons scooped from beneath Cole.
Clothes of injured and victims.
Remains of victims.
Evidence found in terrorist apartment.
Evidence from the Cole itself.
60 lbs. of evidence (bone, fragments, trace).
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6
Q

Adenbom Specialists

A 
NCIS Forensic Consultant.
AFIP Forensic Pathologist.
FBI Bomb Technician.
Medical Specialist.
Divers.
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7
Q

Common Types of Physical Evidence

A 
Biological.
Chemical.
Trace.
Impression.
Digital.
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8
Q

Identification

A

The determination of the identity of a substance, object, or person with as near absolute scientific certainty as technique will permit.

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9
Q

Comparison

A

Questioned evidence is compared with known samples to help include/exclude.

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10
Q

Individual Characteristics

A

Characteristics that allow items to be attributed to individual items or people to the exclusion of all else.

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11
Q

Class Characteristics

A

Characteristics that allow items to be compared.
Include/exclude only.
Size, color, patterns, type, model, etc.

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12
Q

Common Databases

A 
PDQ.
NAPF.
CODIS.
IAFIS.
NIBIN.
EXPeRT.
Automotive Carpet Fiber Database.
FBI Footwear Database.
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13
Q

Physical Evidence Definition

A

Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim to a perpetrator.

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14
Q

Types of Evidence Presented at Trial

A

Witness Testimony.
Records or Documents.
Physical Evidence.

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15
Q

Trier-of-Facts

A

Judge and Jury

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16
Q

Biological Evidence

A

Blood, semen, saliva, plant material, wood, bones.

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17
Q

Chemical Evidence

A

Accelerants, unknown substances, glass, GSR, drugs (legal and illicit), paper, inks, metals, polymers, paint, tape, toxicology specimens.

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18
Q

Examples of Trace Evidence

A

Hairs, soils, fibers, seeds, feathers, glass, building materials.

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19
Q

Impression Evidence

A

Fingerprints, firearms, handwriting, indented writing, serial number restoration, footwear, tire treads, tool marks, bite marks. Both 2D and 3D.

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20
Q

Digital Evidence

A

Cell phones, computers, cameras, pagers.

No class/individual characteristics.

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21
Q

Serologist/DNA Analyst Questions

A

What is the stain?
Human or other?
Enough DNA to compare to known sample?
DNA profile match a person?

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22
Q

Chemist/Toxicologist Questions

A 
What is the substance?
Foreign substances present?
How much?
Quality?
Similar to known standards?
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23
Q

Known Standards

A

Samples to compare unknown samples to.

Uses both databases and evidence collected from known sources.

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24
Q

Hair Questions

A

Human or non-human?
Body part?
Included/excluded from suspect?

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25
Firearms Questions
Type of weapon? This weapon fired? Distance from victim?
26
Firearms Analysis Techniques
Lands and grooves in barrel (I). Direction of grooves (clockwise/counter clockwise)(C). Firing pin impression (I). Cartridge case striations (I).
27
Fingerprint Questions
Are fingerprints present? Are they from the suspect? Can be compared to database?
28
Fingerprint Characteristics
``` Loops, Whorls, and Arches (C). Galton Details (I). ```
29
Digital Evidence Techniques
Search and Analyze. | Documents, use, creation date, time, location.
30
Examples of Positive Identifications
Fingerprints, firearms and toolmark striations, irregular footwear, handwriting, broken/torn/cut edges, nuclear DNA.
31
PDQ
Paint Data Query. American and foreign vehicles. Maintained by Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
32
CODIS
Combined DNA Index System. Missing persons and criminals. Maintained by FBI.
33
IAFIS
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. | Maintained by FBI.
34
NIBIN
National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.
35
EXPeRT
``` Explosives Reference Tool Database. Maintained by FBI. Product Information (open source). Technical/formulation information (proprietary). Photographs of products. ```
36
Paint Analysis
Paint types include architectural, tool, automotive. | Color, thickness, chemical composition, layers.
37
NAPF
National Automotive Paint File. American vehicles. Maintained by FBI.
38
Fiber Identification Techniques
``` Fiber Databases. Microspectrophotometer. FTIR. Shape, diameter. Cross Polarized Light Microscope. ```
39
Microspectrophotometer
Fiber color.
40
FTIR
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. | Chemical composition.
41
Footwear Database
Collection of sole and heel designs. | Manufacturers, size, models.
42
GRC
General Rifling Characteristics.
43
Criminal Profile
Assessment of criminal behavioral characteristics. Only a tool for investigators, least scientific part of forensics. Uses both inductive and deductive reasoning.
44
Criminal Profiler
Helps narrow down list of suspects. Helps in investigation, interview, and surveillance strategies. Deal with "why" of crime.
45
Inductive Analysis
A statistical approach to analyzing similar crimes using data from past crimes, offenders, associates of subjects and investigations.
46
Deductive Analysis
Every case is unique so an investigator must analyze scene to deduce behavioral characteristics each time.
47
Criminal Profile General Traits
Age, race, sex, employment, proximity, religion, marital status, education.
48
Criminal Profile Behavioral Traits
Psychological traits, future/past behaviors, pre/post stressors, pre/post-offense behavior, relationship history, family dynamics, etc.
49
Cases Suitable for Criminal Profiles
``` Lots of interaction between offender and victim. Serial, ritualistic, or patterns. Abnormal behavior. Child abductions/murders. Threats, workplace violence. ```
50
Cases Not Suitable for Criminal Profiles
Drive-by shootings. | School/mass shootings.
51
Trace Evidence Characteristics
Very small. | Analyzed first because it's easy damaged or lost.
52
Hair and Fiber Analysis
Microscopic comparisons. | Locard's Exchange Principle.
53
Locard's Exchange Principle
Every time a person contacts another person, place, or object, physical material is exchanged.
54
Primary and Secondary Transfers
Primary: Hair to chair. | Secondary. Hair to different person.
55
Trace Evidence Processing Room
Cleaned before each use. All samples processed separately to avoid contamination. PPE is worn and changed between each room/sample.
56
Characteristics of Hair Evidence
``` Animal vs. Human. Racial Characteristics. Body Area. Damage/disease. Artificial Treatment. Microscopic Characteristics. Naturally shed or forcibly removed. ```
57
Parts of a Hair
``` Follicle. Root. Cortex. Scales/cuticle. Medulla. ```
58
Hair Cuticle
Thin translucent layer surrounding the hair shaft (scales).
59
Hair Medulla
Cellular column running through the center of the cortex.
60
Hair Cortex
Main body of the hair, containing color pigments in humans.
61
Hair Racial Origins/Cross-sections
Caucasian/European: Oval. Negroid/African: Flattened. Mongoloid: Round.
62
Body Hair Attributes
Pubic: Buckled. Limb: Little variation. Facial Hair: Triangular.
63
Hair Follicle Phases
Anagen: Active growth, 2-4 months, 80-90%. Telogen: Death phase, 2-4 months, 8-18%.
64
Hair Growth Rate
1/2 inch per month.
65
Head Hair Sampling
Take 25 hairs from all over head for known sample comparisons, not just one.
66
Hair and Fiber Comparison Conclusions
Samples are similar microscopically, may include subject. Samples are different, may exclude subject. Results are inconclusive (not enough evidence/quality samples).
67
Types of Fibers
Natural. | Synthetic.
68
Natural Fibers
Plant: Cotton, jute, hemp. Animal: Wool, silk. Mineral: Asbestos.
69
Synthetic Fibers
Nylon, Polyester, Olefin, Rayon, Acetate, Acrylic.
70
Tri-lobe Fibers
Common carpet fiber, designed to hide dirt.
71
Fiber Analysis
Color
72
Types of Glass
Tempered, Laminate, headlights, containers, etc.
73
Attributes of Tempered Glass
Safety glass. Breaks into tiny, rounded pieces. Created by heating process.
74
Attributes of Laminated Glass
Softer layer on one side, allows glass to fold in or out and stay together. Also has fewer edges.
75
Glass Comparison and Analysis Techniques
``` Physical properties. Optical properties. Chemical properties. Fracture matching. Impact analysis. ```
76
Glass Fractures Attributes
Radial. Concentric. Cratering.
77
Radial Impact Fracture
Rays form outward from hole. | Form on opposite side of impact.
78
Concentric Impact Fracture
Fractures circle hole. | Form on same side of impact.
79
Impact Cratering
Craters form opposite side of impact. | Crater is larger than entry point hole.
80
Soil Analysis
Microscopic, physical, and chemical tests. Compare against known samples. Side-by-side comparisons.
81
Physical Properties of Soil
Texture. Structure. Density.
82
Chemical Properties of Soil
pH. | Nutrient availability.
83
Microscopic Properties of Soil
Biological organisms.
84
Wood Analysis
Determine species. Fracture matching. Match vascular material.
85
11% Factor
Even when hairs are microscopically the same, DNA will show 11% still come from different people (FBI study).

Intro to Forensics (6 decks)

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