Exam 2 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
stele
A
bundle of xylem and phloem
2
Q
protostele
A
solid cylinder of vascular tissue, simplest and most ancient form of stele
phloem surrounds xylem or mixed in with it
found in lycophyte stems and plant roots
3
Q
siphonostele
A
has central pith surrounded by vascular tissue
found in most seedless vascular plants
phloem found outside of xylem cylinder
4
Q
eustele
A
vascular tissues are arranged in discrete strands around a pith
5
Q
leaf trace
A
part of vascular cylinder that extends to the base of a leaf
6
Q
pith
A
in the stem in parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant
7
Q
homosporous
A
plants make 1 type of spore (bisexual)
8
Q
heterosporous
A
plants make 2 types of spores (unisexual)
9
Q
embryophyte
A
embryo is retained within maternal tissue
10
Q
lycophyte
A
sporophyte dominant, true xylem and phloem, lignin
club moss, spike moss, quillworts
11
Q
Lycopodiaceae (club moss)
A
homosporous microphyll leaves protostele sporangia on sporophylls - strobili sometimes present rhizome with leaves and roots
12
Q
Selaginella (spike moss)
A
heterosporous microphylls protostele sporangia on sporophylls - strobili present ligules
13
Q
Isoetes (quillworts)
A
heterosporous microphylls protostele sporangia on sporophylls ligules and corm
14
Q
lignin
A
makes cell walls rough and woody
15
Q
apical meristem
A
meristem at the top, causes primary growth
16
Q
seed
A
mature ovule, contrains megasporangium in seed plants
17
Q
microphyll
A
small leaf with one vein and one leaf trace
2n
18
Q
megaphyll
A
larger leaf with several to many veins, evolved independently 3 separate times
2n
19
Q
sporangium
A
produces spores (2n)
20
Q
microsporangium
A
produces microspores (2n)
21
Q
megasporangium
A
produces megaspores (2n)
22
Q
tracheid
A
specific cell in simple plants that conducts water
water flows, weaves through thin cells, high-resistance pathway
long and skinny
23
Q
sieve element
A
phloem in vascular plants
24
Q
sieve cell
A
sugar flows through this cell
elongated, slender, tapering ends
25
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem, how water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant
26
secondary growth
growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, increase in girth
27
secondary xylem
eustele found in higher plants
present in strands in non-woody plants
in woody plants present in meristem, cambium, vascular cambium
28
vascular cambium
meristematic cells that divide to produce secondary phloem and xylem
29
monilophyte
homosporous with exception of water ferns
have true leaves (megaphylls)
stele architecture ranges from simple protostele to complex eustele-like
siphonostele most common (with leaf gaps)
30
Psilotales
whisk ferns, simple structure, no true leaves - dichotomously branched
31
Psilotum (whisk ferns)
```
homosporous
megaphylls
protostele
lateral eusporangia
subterranean, mychorrizal gametophytes
```
32
Ophioglossales
grape ferns - produce leaflets (1 leaf/year), sporangia look like grapes
adder's tongue - lots of genes, 1 leaf/year
33
Marratopsida (tree-like ferns)
```
homosporous
megaphylls
protostele, more complex stele
sporangia on sporophylls, eusporangia
large complex leaves
gametophyte photosynthetic
```
34
Polypodiopsida (common fern)
mostly homosporous
megaphylls
protostele, siphonostele, more complex stele
sporangia on sporophylls and sori, leptosporangia
diverse, gametophyte photosynthetic
35
Salvines (water ferns)
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
| heterosporous
36
Equisetopsida (horsetails)
```
homosporous
microphylls through reduction
eustele-like siphonostele
sporangia on sporangiophores in strobili
whorled leaves, rigid from silica
```
37
xylem
conducts water through plant
38
phloem
conducts nutrients through plant
39
leaf gap
in ferns, region of parenchyma above point of departure of a leaf trace
40
parenchyma
"general cell"
41
sporophyte
makes spores (2n)
42
gametophyte
makes gametes (n)
43
antheridium
produces sperm
44
archegonium
produces egg in some vascular plants
45
spore mother cell (sporocyte)
?
46
megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte)
cell in which meiosis produces 4 megaspores (2n), 3 die and 1 survives
47
bisexual gametophyte
comes from homosporous plants when only one type of spore is produced; has both male and female parts
48
unisexual gametophyte
comes from heterosporous plants when two types of spores are produces; male and female are different
49
megaspore
spore that develops into female gametophyte (n)
50
microspore
spore that develops into male gametophyte (n)
51
megagametophyte
female gametophyte, located in ovule of seed plants
52
microgametophyte
male gametophyte
53
strobilus/strobili
cluster of sporangia
54
sporophyll
leaf bearing sporangia
55
sorus/sori
cluster of sporangia on ferns
56
indusium
cap that covers the sorus, shrivels away when spores are ready to be dispersed
57
leptosporangia
small, specialized sporangia developing from a single cell producing a small amount of spores
58
eusporangia
large sporangium developing from several initial cells producing many spores
59
ligule
small outgrowth at the base of leaves
60
rhizome
underground horizontal stem
61
corm
short, underground fleshy stem (think onion bulb)
62
microsporophyll
leaves that produces microspores (2n)
63
megasporophyll
leaves that produce megaspores (2n)
64
suspensor
found in plant zygotes in angiosperms in connecting the endosperm to the embryo
65
tapetum
specialized layer of nutritive cells in sporangium
66
sporogenous cells/tissue
sporocytes/spore mother cells
67
sporangiophore
branch bearing sporangia
68
epiphyte
plant that lives on another without being parasitic
69
annulus
row of specialized cells that shrink and release spores
70
circinate vernation
shape protects delicate embryonic leaf tip, "fiddle heads'
71
frond
fern leaves
72
blade
broad, expanded part of the leaf
73
stalk
stem
74
rachis
stem
75
pinna
primary division of leaves, especially pinnate leaves
76
prothallus
fern gametophyte
77
node
part of stem where leaves are attached
78
internode
region between two successive nodes
79
ovule
in seed plants, structure containing female gametophyte with egg cell, all surrounded by nucellus and integument(s); when mature, ovule becomes the seed
80
nucellus
inner part of ovule in which embryo sac develops; gymnosperm and angiosperm equivalent of megasporangium
81
micropyle
in ovules, opening in the integument which the pollen tubes enter
82
integument
outermost layer of tissue enveloping nucellus of ovule; develops into seed coat
83
seed coat
integument develops into this outer layer of the seed
84
epidermis
outermost layer of cells of the leaf and young stems and roots
85
cortex
ground-tissue region of a stem or root, bounded externally by the epidermis and internally by the vascular system
86
vascular bundle
strand of tissue containing primary xylem and phloem, frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or fibers
87
procambium
meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary vascular tissues
88
secondary xylem (wood)
meristem can divide and give rise to new tissue
cambium present just beneath the bark, cylindrical sheet of cells, produces additional xylem and phloem
vascular cambium produces xylem on the inside phloem on the outside (rings on trees)
89
secondary phloem
phloem derived from secondary meristem
90
conifers
gymnosperms, cone-bearing trees
| dominate extreme environments
91
cycads
dioecious - either male or female plant
92
gingko
1 species left
broad leaves - pine needles derived from
bear sarcotesta "fruit" - part of the seed coat
93
gnetophyta
long-lived
| only has 2 leaves
94
dioecious
two plants, unisexual (male and female)
95
monoecious
one plant (bisexual)
96
pollinate cone
male cones, produce pollen
each scale = microsporophyll, which contains 2 microsporangia (4-celled winged pollen grain is immature microgametophyte)
97
ovulate cone
female cones, produce ovules
98
ovuliferous scale
scale on which the ovule is attached on the underside, beneath each cone scale is a sterile bract
99
pollen
microspore containing a microgametophyte
100
prothallial cells
sterile cell in microgametophyte of vascular plants (except angiosperms)
101
generative cells
cell of the microgametophyte that forms the sterile and spermatagenous cells
102
tube cell
cell that develops into the pollen tube
103
sterile bract
underneath each cone scale
104
pollination
transfer of pollen from a male cone directly to the ovule
105
fertilization
fusion of sperm with egg in year 2 of gymnosperms
106
pollination drop
plays a role in pollination, collects pollen
107
pollen tube
tube formed after the germination of the pollen grain; carries the male gametes into the ovule
108
sterile cell
same as prothallial cell, not a gamete, eventually degenerates
109
spermatogenous cell
cell of the male gametophyte (pollen grain) which divides mitotically to form sperm
110
cotyledon
seed leaf
111
hypocotyl
portion of an embryo or seedling between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the radicle (under the cotyledon)
112
gymnosperm
seed plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovary
113
angiosperm
flowering plants, enclosed
| flowers, fruits, distinct life history features
114
aril
fleshy berry-like cup coating
115
Ephedra
Profusely branching shrubs with small leaves and jointed stems
Inhabits arid or desert regions
Navajos used the tea for coughs and nasal congestion
116
Gnetum
Trees and climbing vines with large leathery leaves resembling eudicots
Found throughout tropics
Leaves arranged in pairs
Leaves look more like a flowering plant than a conifer, but more closely related to conifers
117
Welwitschia
Most of the plant is buried in the sandy soil (desert)
Exposed part consists of a woody concave disk that produces the two strap shaped leaves – get torn up in desert winds, split longitudinally
118
motile sperm
swims
119
nonmotile sperm
is deposited
120
hemiparasite
photosynthetic but get water and minerals from host
| mistletoe
121
holoparasite
get water, carbohydrates from host
no chlorophyll
Rafflesia
122
sepal
cover and protect flower parts when flower is a bud
sterile
attached to receptacle
123
calyx
all sepals
124
corolla
all petals
125
stamen
fertile
| androecium (male)
126
anther
where pollen grains are produced
127
filament
attached to anther, threadlike
128
carpel
gynoecium (female)
| inner flower whorl
129
pistil
individual carpel
130
stigma
region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate
131
style
column of tissue that arises from ovary, through which pollen tubes grow
132
ovary
enlarged basal portion of a carpel; mature ovary is a fruit
133
placenta
part of ovary wall to which the ovules or seeds are attached
134
funiculus
stalk of an ovule
135
receptacle
part of a flower stalk that bears the floral organs
136
superior ovary
ovary above, most plants are this
137
inferior ovary
ovary beneath
138
fruit
mature ovary
139
locule
```
cavity within an ovary in which ovules occur (chamber)
shared ovary of fused carpels is partitioned into this
# locules = # fused carpels
```
140
perfect flower
contains both stamens and carpels
141
imperfect flower
contains only stamen or carpel
pistillate - only female parts
staminate - only male parts
142
complete flower
contains all 4 floral whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
143
incomplete flower
missing one or more whorls
144
connate floral structures
When similar parts fuse
| Ex: all petals fused into a single “tube”
145
adnate floral structure
When dissimilar parts fuse
146
double fertilization
1 sperm migrates to the egg and forms a zygote
| Other sperm cell migrates and unites with the 2 polar nuclei of the central cell.
147
embryo sac
female gametophyte of angiosperms
| 8-celled nucleus
148
syngergid
two-short lived cells lying close to the egg in the mature embryo sac of the ovule
149
polar nuclei
two nuclei, one derived from each end of the embryo sac, which become centrally located; fuse with male nucleus to form the primary endosperm (3n)
150
antipodals
three cells of the mature embryo sac, located at the end opposite the micropyle
151
endosperm (3n)
tissue containing stored food that develops from fusion of male nucleus and polar nuclei; digested by the growing sporophyte
152
triple fusion
1 Sperm + 2 polar nuclei = triploid (3n) nucleus
| results in endosperm
153
pericarp
fruit wall, which develops from the mature ovary wall
154
endocarp
innermost layer of the pericarp
155
mesocarp
middle layer of pericarp
156
exocarp
outermost layer of pericarp
157
What do megaspores produce?
megagametophytes
158
heterosporous plants have ___ gametophytes?
unisexual
159
What do we call a leaf with a sporangium on it?
sporophyll
160
What is the term for a large number of sporophylls clustered together on the end of a stem?
strobilus
161
___ is a row of specialized cells in the outer layer of a fern sporangium. Its shrinkage causes the sporangium to rupture, releasing the spores?
annulus
162
Which of these structures nourishes the developing spores and coats them with sporopollenin?
tapetum
163
How many spores will one lycophyte megaspore mother cell make?
4
164
What do we call a region of the plant body that contains dividing cells?
meristem
165
What are the three main parts of the ovule?
integuments, megasporangium, megaspore
166
What does “dioecious” refer to?
Separate male and female plants
167
Which of the following have motile male gametes?
cycads and ginkgos
168
How many extant (still living) species are in Phylum Ginkgophyta?
1
169
How many sperm are produced by a pine microgametophyte, and what do they do?
one fuses with egg nucleus, other degenerates
170
What is the name of the protective outer layer that surrounds the ovule and becomes the seed coat after fertilization?
Integument
171
What does the pollen grain in pines contain when it is dispersed?
Immature microgametophyte
172
What do we call the structure that encloses the ovules in an angiosperm?
integument
173
When a pine archegonium is fertilized, how many embryos are initially produced?
4
