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Bio 204 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryote supergroup that fungi belong to

A

Unikonta

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2
Q

fungi synapomorphies

A
  • cell walls contain chitin

- absorptive nutrition

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3
Q

secrete digestive enzymes that break down food then, absorb digested foods into cells

A

absorptive nutrition

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4
Q

polysaccharide carbohydrate that fungi cell walls are made of

A

chitin

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5
Q

-living off dead or decaying organic material

A

saprobes

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6
Q

importance of fungi

A

-decomposers
-mutualistic symbionts:mycorrhizae
-parasites/pathogens
economically useful/important to people

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7
Q

around plant roots that provide water and nutrient absorption for plants, plants provide fungi with carbohydrates

A

mycorrhizae

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8
Q

harmless symbiotic fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts- make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

A

endophytes

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9
Q

reproductive and non-productive structures composed of this; filamentous, string-like

A

hyphae

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10
Q

body of fungus, mass of hyphae

A

mycelium

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11
Q

type of hyphae that is divided

A

septate

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12
Q

type of hyphae that is undivided

A

coenocyte

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13
Q

appendages of parasitic fungi

A

haustoria

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14
Q
  • flagellated spore

- mostly aquatic aprobess or parasites

A

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

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15
Q
  • mostly in soil, coenocytic hypahe
  • sporangia: asexual
  • zygosporangia: sexual
  • some form mycorrhizae
  • common bread mold, Rhizopus
A

Zygomycota (zygomycetes)

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16
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants

A

Glomeromycota

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17
Q
  • sac fungi and yeast
  • conidia: asexual
  • ascocarps: sexual
  • all united by having ascus
A

Ascomycota (ascomycetes)

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18
Q

sac containing ascospores

A

ascus

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19
Q

sexual stage/fruiting body

A

ascocarp

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20
Q

asexual spores in ascomycetes

A

conidia

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21
Q
  • fungi with photosynthetic symbiont; most are ascomycota
  • can grow in extreme habitats
  • important for soil formation
A

lichens

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22
Q
  • club fungi
  • important decomposers
  • mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots
  • asexual reproduction via fragmentation
A

Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)

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23
Q

large structure for sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes

A

basidiocarp

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24
Q
  • site of mitosis

- basidiospores extruded to outside

A

basidium

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25
Q

importance of basidiomycota

A
  • important decomposers
  • some pathogens
  • many mycorrhizae
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26
Q

supergroup that consists of red algae, green algae, and land plants

A

Archaeplastida

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27
Q
  • unicelluar

- multicelluar: colonial, filamentous, thalloid

A

green algae

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28
Q

-chloroplasts have thylakoids stacked in grana
-chlorophyll a & b
store starch
-cell walls made of cellulose

A

green algae and green plants

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29
Q

land plant apomorphies

A
  • apical meristems
  • cuticle
  • thick spore walls
  • gametangia
  • dependent embryos
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30
Q

localized region of growth

A

apical meristems

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31
Q

waxy covering that helps prevent desiccation

A

cuticle

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32
Q

prevents desiccation

A

thick spore walls

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33
Q

cases that enclose gametes and prevent desiccation

A

gametangia

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34
Q

young sporophytes contained within protective structure; multicellular, parents provides nutrients

A

dependent embryos

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35
Q
  • mosses, liverworts, hornworts
  • paraphyletic group
  • gametophyte dominant
  • motile sperm (needs water)
A

Bryophytes

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36
Q

function in gas exchange and water retention

A

stomata

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37
Q

duct system for conducting fluids and nutrients

A

vascular tissue

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38
Q
  • sporophyte dominant
  • lignified vascular tissue
  • shoots and roots
A

Tracheophytes

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39
Q
  • vascular tissue that conducts most of water and minerals and includes tracheids
  • cells strengthened by lignin
A

xylem

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40
Q

tube-shaped cells in xylem

A

tracheids

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41
Q

vascular tissue that has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products of photosynthesis

A

phloem

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42
Q

organs that increase surface area of vascular plants

A

leaves

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43
Q

leaves with single vein

A

microphylls

44
Q

leaves with highly branched vascular system

A

megaphylls

45
Q

modified leaves with sporangia

A

sporophylls

46
Q

clusters of sporangia on undersides of sporophylls

A

sori

47
Q

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

A

strobili

48
Q
  • organs that anchor vscular plants

- enable vascular plants to absorb nutrients from the soil

A

roots

49
Q
  • microphylls in whorls

- roost come out of rhizome

A

Spenophytes: horsetails

50
Q
  • paraphyletic

- have true leaves and roots

A

ferns

51
Q

Sperrmatophyta synapomorphies

A
  • seeds
  • highly reduced gametophyte
  • heterospory
  • pollen and ovules
52
Q

consists of embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat

A

seed

53
Q

adaptive significance of seeds

A
  1. protects embryo
  2. nutrition of embryo
  3. disperses embryo
  4. dormancy mechanism
54
Q

evolution of two spores: male spores (microspores) and female spores (megaspores)

A

heterospory

55
Q

derived from microspores- male gametophyte enclosed within wall

A

pollen

56
Q

consists of megasporangium, megaspore (develops into female gametophyte) and one or more protective integuments

A

ovule

57
Q

have one integument

A

gymnosperm megasporangia

58
Q

have 2 integuments

A

angiosperm megasporangia

59
Q

4 clades of gymnosperms

A
  1. Cycadophyta
  2. Ginkgophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Coniferophyta
60
Q
  • most are evergreen and can carry photosynthesis year round

- needle like leaves conserve water

A

conifers

61
Q

Angiosperm synapomorphies

A
  • flowers
  • fruits
  • carpel
  • double fertilization with triploid endosperm
62
Q

specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves/ floral organs

A

flower

63
Q

encloses flower

A

sepals

64
Q

usually brightly colored and attract pollinators

A

petals

65
Q

produce pollen (male)

A

stamens

66
Q

produce ovules (female)

A

carpels

67
Q

stalk part of the stamen

A

filament

68
Q

sac part of the stamen where pollen is produced

A

anther

69
Q

part of carpal where pollen is received

A

stigma

70
Q

part of carpal leading up to stigma

A

style

71
Q

part at the base of the carpal

A

ovary

72
Q

contained within pollen grains produced by microsporangia of anthers

A

male gametophytes (angiosperms)

73
Q

develops within ovule contained within ovary at base of stigma

A

female gamteophyte -embryo sac (angiosperms)

74
Q

pollen grain that has landed on stigma germinates and pollen tube of male gametophyte grows down ovary- sperm enters through micropyle

A

1st stage of angiosperm life cycle

75
Q

occurs when pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into female gametophyte within ovule

A

double fertilization

76
Q

one sperm fertilizes egg, other combines with 2 nuclei in central cell of female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm

A

3rd stage of angiosperm life cycle

77
Q

two seed leaves of embryo within seed

A

cotyledons

78
Q

nutritive tissue in seeds of angiosperms

A

triploid endosperm

79
Q

seed development

A

after double fertilization, ovule develops into seed, ovary develops into fruit enclosing seed

80
Q

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

A

pollination

81
Q

joint evolution of interacting species in response to natural selection imposed by each other

A

coevolution

82
Q

plant’s ability to reject its own pollen

A

self-incompatibility

83
Q

mature ovary

A

fruit

84
Q
  • one cotyledon
  • parallel leaf venation
  • atactostele
  • fibrous root system
  • pollen grain with one opening
  • floral organs in multiples of 3
A

monocots

85
Q
  • two cotyledons
  • netlike leaf venation
  • vascular tissue arranged in ring
  • taproot
  • pollen grain with three openings
  • floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
A

eudicots

86
Q

functions of roots

A
  • anchoring plant
  • absorbing minerals and water
  • storing organic nutrients
87
Q

thin lateral roots with no main root

A

fibrous root system

88
Q

one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots, or branch roots

A

taproot system

89
Q

where absorption of water and minerals occurs near; vast number of these increase surface area

A

root hairs

90
Q
  • organ consisting of alternating system of nodes

- function is to maximize photosynthesis by leaves

A

stem

91
Q

points at which leaves are attached

A

nodes

92
Q

segments between nodes

A

internodes

93
Q

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

A

leaf

94
Q

joins leaf to node of stem

A

petiole

95
Q

embryonic tissue, allow for indeterminate growth

A

meristems

96
Q

located at tips of roots and shoots and at axillary buds of shoots

A

apical meristems

97
Q

apical meristems elongate shoots and roots

A

primary growth

98
Q
  • lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants

- characteristic of gymnosperms and woody eudicots, but not monocots

A

secondary growth

99
Q

parts of the root andd shoot systems produced by apical meristems that primary growth produces

A

primary plant body

100
Q

what root tip is covered by, protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil

A

root cap

101
Q

dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at shoot tip

A

shoot apical meristem

102
Q

where leaves develop from along sids of apical meristem

A

leaf primordia

103
Q

develops from meristematic cells at bases of leaf primordia

A

axillary buds

104
Q

type of lateral meristem that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

A

vascular cambium

105
Q

type of lateral meristem that replaces epidermis with periderm

A

cork cambium

106
Q

consists of tissues produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium

A

secondary plant body

107
Q
  • cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick

- develops from undifferentiated cells

A

vascular cambium

Bio 204 (1 decks)

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