Exam 2 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
eukaryote supergroup that fungi belong to
A
Unikonta
2
Q
fungi synapomorphies
A
- cell walls contain chitin
- absorptive nutrition
3
Q
secrete digestive enzymes that break down food then, absorb digested foods into cells
A
absorptive nutrition
4
Q
polysaccharide carbohydrate that fungi cell walls are made of
A
chitin
5
Q
-living off dead or decaying organic material
A
saprobes
6
Q
importance of fungi
A
-decomposers
-mutualistic symbionts:mycorrhizae
-parasites/pathogens
economically useful/important to people
7
Q
around plant roots that provide water and nutrient absorption for plants, plants provide fungi with carbohydrates
A
mycorrhizae
8
Q
harmless symbiotic fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts- make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens
A
endophytes
9
Q
reproductive and non-productive structures composed of this; filamentous, string-like
A
hyphae
10
Q
body of fungus, mass of hyphae
A
mycelium
11
Q
type of hyphae that is divided
A
septate
12
Q
type of hyphae that is undivided
A
coenocyte
13
Q
appendages of parasitic fungi
A
haustoria
14
Q
- flagellated spore
- mostly aquatic aprobess or parasites
A
Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)
15
Q
- mostly in soil, coenocytic hypahe
- sporangia: asexual
- zygosporangia: sexual
- some form mycorrhizae
- common bread mold, Rhizopus
A
Zygomycota (zygomycetes)
16
Q
arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants
A
Glomeromycota
17
Q
- sac fungi and yeast
- conidia: asexual
- ascocarps: sexual
- all united by having ascus
A
Ascomycota (ascomycetes)
18
Q
sac containing ascospores
A
ascus
19
Q
sexual stage/fruiting body
A
ascocarp
20
Q
asexual spores in ascomycetes
A
conidia
21
Q
- fungi with photosynthetic symbiont; most are ascomycota
- can grow in extreme habitats
- important for soil formation
A
lichens
22
Q
- club fungi
- important decomposers
- mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots
- asexual reproduction via fragmentation
A
Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)
23
Q
large structure for sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes
A
basidiocarp
24
Q
- site of mitosis
- basidiospores extruded to outside
A
basidium
25
importance of basidiomycota
- important decomposers
- some pathogens
- many mycorrhizae
26
supergroup that consists of red algae, green algae, and land plants
Archaeplastida
27
- unicelluar
| - multicelluar: colonial, filamentous, thalloid
green algae
28
-chloroplasts have thylakoids stacked in grana
-chlorophyll a & b
store starch
-cell walls made of cellulose
green algae and green plants
29
land plant apomorphies
- apical meristems
- cuticle
- thick spore walls
- gametangia
- dependent embryos
30
localized region of growth
apical meristems
31
waxy covering that helps prevent desiccation
cuticle
32
prevents desiccation
thick spore walls
33
cases that enclose gametes and prevent desiccation
gametangia
34
young sporophytes contained within protective structure; multicellular, parents provides nutrients
dependent embryos
35
- mosses, liverworts, hornworts
- paraphyletic group
- gametophyte dominant
- motile sperm (needs water)
Bryophytes
36
function in gas exchange and water retention
stomata
37
duct system for conducting fluids and nutrients
vascular tissue
38
- sporophyte dominant
- lignified vascular tissue
- shoots and roots
Tracheophytes
39
- vascular tissue that conducts most of water and minerals and includes tracheids
- cells strengthened by lignin
xylem
40
tube-shaped cells in xylem
tracheids
41
vascular tissue that has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products of photosynthesis
phloem
42
organs that increase surface area of vascular plants
leaves
43
leaves with single vein
microphylls
44
leaves with highly branched vascular system
megaphylls
45
modified leaves with sporangia
sporophylls
46
clusters of sporangia on undersides of sporophylls
sori
47
cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
strobili
48
- organs that anchor vscular plants
| - enable vascular plants to absorb nutrients from the soil
roots
49
- microphylls in whorls
| - roost come out of rhizome
Spenophytes: horsetails
50
- paraphyletic
| - have true leaves and roots
ferns
51
Sperrmatophyta synapomorphies
- seeds
- highly reduced gametophyte
- heterospory
- pollen and ovules
52
consists of embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat
seed
53
adaptive significance of seeds
1. protects embryo
2. nutrition of embryo
3. disperses embryo
4. dormancy mechanism
54
evolution of two spores: male spores (microspores) and female spores (megaspores)
heterospory
55
derived from microspores- male gametophyte enclosed within wall
pollen
56
consists of megasporangium, megaspore (develops into female gametophyte) and one or more protective integuments
ovule
57
have one integument
gymnosperm megasporangia
58
have 2 integuments
angiosperm megasporangia
59
4 clades of gymnosperms
1. Cycadophyta
2. Ginkgophyta
3. Gnetophyta
4. Coniferophyta
60
- most are evergreen and can carry photosynthesis year round
| - needle like leaves conserve water
conifers
61
Angiosperm synapomorphies
- flowers
- fruits
- carpel
- double fertilization with triploid endosperm
62
specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves/ floral organs
flower
63
encloses flower
sepals
64
usually brightly colored and attract pollinators
petals
65
produce pollen (male)
stamens
66
produce ovules (female)
carpels
67
stalk part of the stamen
filament
68
sac part of the stamen where pollen is produced
anther
69
part of carpal where pollen is received
stigma
70
part of carpal leading up to stigma
style
71
part at the base of the carpal
ovary
72
contained within pollen grains produced by microsporangia of anthers
male gametophytes (angiosperms)
73
develops within ovule contained within ovary at base of stigma
female gamteophyte -embryo sac (angiosperms)
74
pollen grain that has landed on stigma germinates and pollen tube of male gametophyte grows down ovary- sperm enters through micropyle
1st stage of angiosperm life cycle
75
occurs when pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into female gametophyte within ovule
double fertilization
76
one sperm fertilizes egg, other combines with 2 nuclei in central cell of female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm
3rd stage of angiosperm life cycle
77
two seed leaves of embryo within seed
cotyledons
78
nutritive tissue in seeds of angiosperms
triploid endosperm
79
seed development
after double fertilization, ovule develops into seed, ovary develops into fruit enclosing seed
80
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
pollination
81
joint evolution of interacting species in response to natural selection imposed by each other
coevolution
82
plant's ability to reject its own pollen
self-incompatibility
83
mature ovary
fruit
84
- one cotyledon
- parallel leaf venation
- atactostele
- fibrous root system
- pollen grain with one opening
- floral organs in multiples of 3
monocots
85
- two cotyledons
- netlike leaf venation
- vascular tissue arranged in ring
- taproot
- pollen grain with three openings
- floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
eudicots
86
functions of roots
- anchoring plant
- absorbing minerals and water
- storing organic nutrients
87
thin lateral roots with no main root
fibrous root system
88
one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots, or branch roots
taproot system
89
where absorption of water and minerals occurs near; vast number of these increase surface area
root hairs
90
- organ consisting of alternating system of nodes
| - function is to maximize photosynthesis by leaves
stem
91
points at which leaves are attached
nodes
92
segments between nodes
internodes
93
main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
leaf
94
joins leaf to node of stem
petiole
95
embryonic tissue, allow for indeterminate growth
meristems
96
located at tips of roots and shoots and at axillary buds of shoots
apical meristems
97
apical meristems elongate shoots and roots
primary growth
98
- lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants
| - characteristic of gymnosperms and woody eudicots, but not monocots
secondary growth
99
parts of the root andd shoot systems produced by apical meristems that primary growth produces
primary plant body
100
what root tip is covered by, protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil
root cap
101
dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at shoot tip
shoot apical meristem
102
where leaves develop from along sids of apical meristem
leaf primordia
103
develops from meristematic cells at bases of leaf primordia
axillary buds
104
type of lateral meristem that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
vascular cambium
105
type of lateral meristem that replaces epidermis with periderm
cork cambium
106
consists of tissues produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium
secondary plant body
107
- cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick
| - develops from undifferentiated cells
vascular cambium
