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Biology of Sex > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Male Gamete

A

Sperm. Only the nucleus of the sperm enters the ovum

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2
Q

Female Gamete

A

Ovum.

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3
Q

Sex

A

a mechanism that results in recombination

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4
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

can always reproduce
energetically efficient
no sexual competition
effective traits are not diluted

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5
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

undesirable traits maintained
desirable traits selected slowly
lack of variation

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6
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Binary fission in prokaryotes
Mitosis in single-celled orgs
Budding/Fission
Parthenogenesis

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7
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

production of new female individuals from unfertilized eggs (always female)

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8
Q

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes (ex: bacteria) have no nucleus. So chromosome is duplicated and a cell wall is laid down along the cell midline

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

Eukaryotes have an organized nucleus divided by mitosis (Ex: Amoeba)

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10
Q

Budding

A

part of the parent’s body wall bulges and forms a new individual (Ex: hydra)

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11
Q

Fission

A

an individual splits into two or more descendants (Ex: flatworm)

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12
Q

Bdelloid Rotifers

A

never been seen to have sex, males, or meiosis. Maintain some heterozygosity bc alleles on homologous chromosomes con evolve independently.

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13
Q

Sexual Parasitism

A

?

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14
Q

Cnemidophorus

A

eggs are produced by mitosis?

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15
Q

Functions of Sex

A

DNA repair, Tangled Bank (variation allows development), Red Queen (variation helps orgs stay ahead of their parasites)

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16
Q

conspecifics

A

members of the same species

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17
Q

Kinds of Sex

A

Reassortment
Conjugation
Nuclear fusion and meiosis

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18
Q

Reassortment

A

entry into host cell, replication of the viral genome, production of viral proteins, assembly of a new generation of virus particles, exit from in infected cell (ex: influenza strains)

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19
Q

Conjugation

A

Sex without reproduction bc no new individuals are made. Can be considered a form of sex because two individuals come together to exchange genetic information. (Ex: Paramecium)

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20
Q

Meiosis and Nuclear Fusion

A

Involves formation of sex cells through meiosis and fusion of their nuclei.

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21
Q

Facultative Sex

A

Some orgs are asexual but have sex under certain situations. Usually asexual when food is abundant but sexual individuals are born near the ned of the season to mix up genes for next season (Ex: aphids/daphnia)

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22
Q

Monoecious

A

both male and female flowers occur on the same individual

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23
Q

Dioecious

A

male and female flowers are on separate individuals

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24
Q

Simultaneous Hermaphrodites

A

produce both kinds of gametes at the same time and can fertilize themselves (Ex: sea slug, blue banded goby, flatworm)

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25
Sequential Hermaphrodites
produce either type of gamete, but not at the same time. Can be male or female depending on what its mate is doing.
26
Gonostoma
able to act as male or female or as simultaneous hermaphrodites
27
Protogyny
begin life as females and later become males (Ex: cichlid
28
Protandry
begin life as males and change into females (ex: clownfish)
29
External Fertilization
Most common form of fertilization in aquatic habitats. Usually no specialized organs for fertilization
30
Internal Fertilization
Almost always sexual dimorphism. Specialized organs for fertilization.
31
Vertebrate Reproduction
hagfishes, charks, bony fishes, coelacanth, lungfish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
32
Chondrichthyan Male
Have claspers that are used to internally fertilize eggs.
33
Male Chimaera
Have clasper. Have that organ on the head?
34
Gonopodium
intromittent organ (genital). Females like larger ones but they can make the males slower and easier targets.
35
Coelacanth
Have internal fertilization but no intromittent organ in males.
36
Male and female gonad development
??
37
Homologous Organs in human male and female genitals
``` Glans Penis : Glans Clitoris Penile Foreskin : Clitoral hood Urethral Surface of the Penis : Labia Minora Scrotum : Labia majora Corpus ```
38
Synthesis of sex steroids and their consequences
Cholesterol -> Progesterone -> testosterone -> Estrdiol (females)or Dihydrotestosterone (males)
39
G Spot
inside the vagina
40
Montreme
multiheaded penis
41
Bifurcate Penis
male shrews have this
42
Average flaccid penis size
3.4 inches, 8.8 cm
43
Average erect penis size
12.9 cm, 5 in
44
Baculum
penis bone. found in PRIC (primates, rodents, insectivores, carnivores)
45
Semen
composed of sperm and secretions from the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands.
46
Sperm
can survive between six and seven days in female genital organs. usually only survive two
47
Ovarian Cycle
the production and release of ova
48
Uterine Cycle
preparation of the uterus for implantation by a fertilized egg
49
Hormones involved in ovarian cycle
FSH | LH
50
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
promotes development of an ovarian follicle (produced by anterior pituitary gland)
51
Lutenizing Hormone
triggers ovulation and corpus lute development (anterior pituitary gland)
52
Hormones involved in Uterine Cycle
Estrogen | Progesterone
53
Estrogen
estrodil, a form of estrogen produced by the ovary. Been found to influence sexual receptivity.increase blood flow to the uterus
54
Progesterone
primarily produced by the ovary and is involved in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining pregnancy.functions to inhibit the smooth muscle in the uterus, slowing its contractions and also decreases prostaglandin formation, both of which allow the fetus to grow with the expanding uterus
55
Hormones involved in pregnancy
HGC Progesterone Estrogens Prolactin
56
Human Chronic Gonadotropin
maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary until the placenta begins to produce estrogen and progesterone (this is the chemical used for pregnancy tests; it is also the cause of nausea often associated with early pregnancy)
57
Human Placental Lactogen
Prolactin prepares the breasts for milk production
58
Androgens
hormones that regulate many functions in males
59
Testosterone
an androgen that is involved in the development of male reproductive structures as the testis and prostate. promotes secondary sexual characteristics such as muscle and bone mass and hair growth
60
Hormones in males and females
Estrogen (more in females) | Testosterone (more in males)
61
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
``` Atrazine (feminization in fishes, birds, rats, and frogs) Soy beans (contain estrogen, might make men more feminine) ```
62
Developmental Ontogeny
differentiation from egg to mature individual.
63
Human Ontogeny
fertilized egg -> blastula -> gastrulation -> organogenesis
64
Male Gamete Formation
spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> two secondary spermatocytes -> four spermatids -> four spermatozoa
65
Female Gamete Formation
oogonium -> primary oocyte -> secondary oocyte and 1 polar body -> one ovum and three polar bodies
66
Response of ovum to fertilization
envelope begins to lift and clear excess sperm
67
Cleavage
rapid cell division that follows fertilization
68
Morula
solid mass resulted from cleavage
69
Blastula
further developed Morula
70
Gastrula
developing embryo
71
Deuterostomata
a large group of oganisma that includes echinoderms
72
Maternal Effects
result from cytoplasmic determinants present in the egg before fertilization.
73
Cytoplasmic determinant
a molecule found in the egg that helps direct early development. These determinants affect development independently of sperm or zygote genotype
74
Homeotic Genes
evolutionary conserved gene complexes. They regulate the expression of the gene
75
HOX genes
involved in the development of the particular features of body segments
76
Transcription factors
special proteins that control which genes are expressed by a particular cell
77
Bicoid mutation
results in larvae that lack structures on the anterior end and instead have duplicated posterior segments
78
Homeosis
the replacement of one structure by another
79
Homeotic Genes
specify the proper location and development of various body structures.
80
HoxA-11 and HoxA-10
promote maturation of the endometrium
81
Costs of finding a mate
maintaining territories, conflict with other suitors, inattentiveness during copulation
82
Anisogamy
large difference in gamete size
83
Parent-Parent conflict
praying mantises
84
Parent-offspring conflict
 It is the interest of the young to demand nutrients and in the interest of the parent to limit that demand in order to be able to reproduce again  This is especially a concern when one parent does all the care
85
Posterior Pituitary
oxytocin, vasopressin
86
Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contraction, milk let-down, feelings of nurturance
87
Vassopressin
social behavior and bonding when released in the brain
88
Anterior Pituitary
gonadotropic hormone, prolactin
89
prolactin
stimulates milk production
90
Adrenal Cortex
sex hormones, stimulate | reproductive organs and sex characteristics
91
Adrenal Medulla
epinephrine and | norepinephrine, stimulate the muscles and increase heart rate
92
Testis
androgens (testosterone is the most | common), stimulate male sex characteristics
93
Ovaries
estrogens and progesterone, stimulate | female sex characteristics
94
Three kinds of Love
romantic, lust , attachment
95
Chemicals of sex and love
serotonin, dopamine, testosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin, vasopressin
96
Romantic Love
evident in the caudit body part of the brain, later evident in the retrosplenial cortex. usually lasts 12-18 months
97
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
center for neurons tha produce dopamine. Causes increase in attention and feelings of high energy
98
Serotonin
mood, memory, processing, sleep, cognition
99
Dopamine
reward, pleasure, motor functions, compulsation
100
Jealousy in Males
brain lights up in areas associated with sex and aggression
101
Jealousy in Females
emotional jealousy, brain lights up in areas associated with detection of others' intention or violation of social norms
102
Hormones of attachment love
oxytocin, vasopressin
103
origin of wet dreams
intercourse with tiny | spiritual creatures called incubi and succubi
104
Bundling
board that separated the bed for puritans
105
Henry Havelock Ellis
British physician. pioneer in studying sexual behavior
106
Dr. Celia Mosher
studied sexual behavior
107
Alfred Kinsey
sexual research in 40's and 50's
108
Cultivation
The view that exposure to the mass media | makes people think that what they see there represents the mainstream of what really occurs
109
Social Learning
Characters in media serve as role models
110
Trobriand Islanders
Kissing consists of sucking the lips and tongue of the partner permitting saliva to flow from one mouth to the other.
111
Blue-Gill sunfishes
3 kinds of males: parental, sneaker, satellite
112
Bonobos
have a matriarchal society
113
Chimps
females mate with several males
114
Lifestyle factors in sperm quality
sperm more motile in men from urban environments.
115
Uterus
derived from the primitive oviduct
116
epididymus
sperm are stored and mature here
117
Corpus cavernosa
gives penis and clitoris the rigid feeling
118
Progesterone
prepares the uterus for the embryo

Biology of Sex (2 decks)

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