Exam 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height
A
Obesity
2
Q
What is the greatest risk that pre-schoolers face
A
Accidents
3
Q
How many colds and minor illnesses with children aged 3 to 5 experience a year
A
7 to 10
4
Q
What is the reason for the high likelihood of dying from injury in preschoolers
A
preschooler’s high level of physical activity, curiosity and lack of judgement
5
Q
What are the statistics regarding children’s death before the age of 10
A
Before the age of 10, children are 2X more likely to die from injury than from illness
6
Q
What are the chances that a preschooler will require medical attention
A
1 in 3 chance
7
Q
By age two, how much does the average child weigh and how tall are they
A
25 to 30 pounds and close to 36 inches tall
8
Q
By age six, how much does the average child weigh and how tall are they
A
46 pounds and close to 46 inches tall
9
Q
What is the best strategy for parents in regards to feeding pre-school children
A
have a variety of low-fat, high-nutrition foods available.
10
Q
What type of food is especially important during preschool
A
foods that are relatively high in iron
11
Q
What is one of the prevalent nutritional problems in developed countries
A
iron-deficiency
12
Q
Which gender is at a higher risk for injuries and why
A
Boys because they are more active and take more risks
13
Q
Exposure to this substance has been link to lower intelligence, problems in verbal and auditory processing, hyperactivity, and distractibility, antisocial behavior, aggression and delinquency, illness and death
A
Lead
14
Q
What is helpful in reducing childhood injuries
A
Child-proofing homes
15
Q
At what age have children mastered jumping, hopping on one foot, skipping and running
A
3
16
Q
At what age can a child throw a ball with accuracy
A
4
17
Q
At what age can a child toss a ring onto a peg
A
5
18
Q
At what age are the following gross motor skills:
walk up stairs with alternating feet
Unable to stop or turn suddenly
Able to jump a length of 15-24 inches
A
Age 3
19
Q
At what age are the following gross motor skills:
Able to walk down a long staircase, alternating feet with assistance
Have some control in starting, stopping and turning
Length of jump 24-33 inches
A
Age 4
20
Q
At what age are the following gross motor skills:
Able to walk down a long staircase, alternating feet
Capable of starting, stopping, and turning in games
Able to make a running jump of 28-36 inches
A
Age 5
21
Q
What gender is better at tasks that involve muscle strength like throwing a ball and jumping higher
A
Boys
22
Q
What gender is better at tasks that involve limb coordination like jumping jacks and balancing on one foot
A
Girls
23
Q
What can the increase in gross motor skills be attributed to
A
brain development and myelination
24
Q
Activity level at what age is higher than at another other period of the lifespan
A
3
25
Motor skills that involve delicate, small body movements
Fine motor skills
26
The preference using one hand over the other
Handedness
27
When does handedness appear
Begins to appear during infancy (7 months)
28
What percentage of people are right handed
90%
29
What stage is marked by the following characteristics:
Age 2 to 7
Children’s use of symbolic thinking increases
Mental reasoning emerges
The use of concepts increases
Preoperational stage
30
In what stage do children become better at representing events internally and are less dependent on sensorimotor activity
Preoperational stage
31
the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present
Symbolic function
32
the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
Centration
33
the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
Conservation
34
the process in which one state is changed into another
Transformation
35
Piaget believes that centration and conservation occurs because children don’t understand the sequence of
Transformation
36
thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
Egocentric thought
37
Lack of awareness that others see things from a different physical perspective or Failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings, and points of view that differ from theirs
Egocentrism
38
thinking that reflects preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their eagerness to gain knowledge about the world
Intuitive thought
39
What dies Intuitive thinking prepare children for
more complex reasoning
40
Organized, formal, logical mental processes
operations
41
The idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns
functionality
42
Certain things stay the same regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance
Identity
43
The way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentence
Syntax
44
instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
Fast mapping
45
the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
Grammar
46
speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
Private speech
47
the aspects of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others
Pragmatics
48
speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
Social speech
49
What percent of children in the U.S. are enrolled in some form of care that takes place outside of the home
Almost 75%
50
More verbally fluent, display memory and comprehension advantages, and even higher IQ scores
Tend to be more self-confident, independent, and knowledgeable about the social world
Benefits of child care
51
Children tend to be less polite, less compliant, less respectful of adults, and are sometimes more aggressive and competitive
Negative outcomes of child care
52
These children have a slightly higher chance of being disruptive in class
Children who spend more than 10 hours a week in preschool
53
children experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
Initiative vs. guilt stage
54
a person’s identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
Self-concept
55
traits related to competitiveness, independence, and forcefulness
Traits expected in boys
56
traits related to warmth, expressiveness, nurturance, and submissiveness
Traits expected in girls
57
a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
gender schema
58
simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds that may involve objects or repetitive muscular movements
Functional play
59
activities in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something (there is an “ultimate goal”)
Constructive play
60
action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
Parallel play
61
action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves
Onlooker play
62
play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they not do the same thing
Associative play
63
play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
Cooperative play
64
controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. They value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
Authoritarian parents
65
provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
Permissive parents
66
firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations fo
Authoritative parents
67
show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior
Uninvolved parents
68
Parenting style that results in withdrawn, socially awkward children, not friendly, girls are dependent on parents, boys are hostile
Authoritarian parents
69
Parenting style that results in dependent, moody children with low social skills and self control
Permissive parents
70
Parenting style that results in emotionally detached, unloved, and insecure children, physical and cognitive impediments
Uninvolved parents
71
Parenting style that results in independent, friendly, self-assertive, and cooperative children, strong motivation to achieve, typically are successful and likeable
Authoritative parents
72
the idea that transformations to a stimulus can be reversed
Reversibility
73
difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
Learning disabilities
74
visual misrepresentation of letters, difficulty in spelling or sounding out letters, L-R confusion
Dyslexia
75
a learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity
ADHD
76
CDC believes that what percent of children 3 to 17 have ADHD
9%
77
Cognitive development between ages 7 and 12
Characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic
Applying logical operations to concrete problems
Understanding conservation
Concrete operational stage
78
the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
Decentering
79
the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features
Pluralistic society model
80
maintaining one’s original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture
Bicultural identity
81
the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
Intelligence
82
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Intelligence test
83
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Aptitude test
84
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Achievement test
85
a measure of intelligence test performance; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Mental age
86
a score that accounts for a student's mental and chronological age
Intelligence quotient
87
The actual age of a child taking an intelligence test
Chronological age
88
A test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
89
A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance skills, as well as total score
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
90
An intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and to use sequential thinking
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
91
The period from age 6 to 12 characterized by focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school and the other complexities of the modern worlds
Industry vs Inferiority
92
the goal was to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture
Cultural assimilation model
93
A form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop confidence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures
multicultural education
94
an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative evaluation
Self-esteem
95
From age 4 to 7, children see friends as those who like them and someone they can share toys and activities with.
Children in this stage rarely consider the personal qualities of people as a basis for friendship
Stage one Basing friendship on other’s behavior
96
Age 8 to 10
Friendships become more complicated
Consider both the personal qualities as well as the good outcomes to determine friendship
Stage two: Basing friends on trust
97
From age 11 to 15
The main quality of friendship relate closely to intimacy and loyalty
Characterized by feelings of closeness usually from disclosing personal thoughts and feelings
Ideas about what behaviors make a good friend and a bad friend become clear
Stage three: Basing friendship on psychological closeness
98
the period during which the sexual organs mature
Puberty
99
At what are does Puberty begin
girls, around 11 or 12yrs, and boys enter puberty around 13 or 14
100
the onset of menstruation
Menarche
101
the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction
Primary sex characteristics
102
the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs
Secondary sex characteristics
103
a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary
Anorexia nervosa
104
characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives
Bulimia nervosa
105
an infection that is spread (typically) through sexual contact
STIs
106
the most common STI which can be transmitted through genital contact without intercourse
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
107
the period at which people develop the ability to think abstractly
Formal operational stage
108
a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one’s own point of view
Adolescent egocentrism
109
an adolescent’s belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of others’ attention and concern
Imaginary audience
110
the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else
Personal fables
111
poorer adolescents and members of minority groups tend to have less access to computers and the internet
Digital divide
112
the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinct about themselves
Identity vs role confusion
113
a period in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions
Crisis
114
a psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology
Commitment
115
the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives
Identity achievement
116
the status of adolescence who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives
Identity foreclosure
117
the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves
Moratorium
118
the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way
Identity diffusion
