Exam 2 Flashcards by Alison med

Increase in cell number associated with an increase in organ size

Hyperplasia

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An increase in cell size associated with an increase in organ size?

Hypertrophy

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A three day old foal with a small thymus might have which thymic disturbance of growth?

Atrophy

Hypoplasia

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Testicular sertoli cell tumors occasionally induce which of the following disturbances of growth in prostatic epithelium

Metaplasia

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Which process regresses with stimulus removal?

Hyperplasia

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Which is a malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle?

Leiomyosarcoma

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Important diagnostic criteria for benign and malignant tumors?

Differentiation/anaplasia
Rate of growth
Local invasiveness
Metastasis

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A malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder epithelium

Transitional cell carcinoma

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Common mutations in genes associated with cancer

Apoptosis regulating genes
Proto-onco genes
Tumor supressor genes
DNA repair genes

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Which proto-onco gene is commonly mutated in cancer?

P53

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Which is highly expressed in malignant neoplastic cells to promote angiogenesis

VEGF

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Gene that serves as “Guardian of the Genome” to block growth of mutated cells and control DNA repair

P53

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What enzymes play a roll in tumor breakdown of extracellular matrix in invasion and metastasis

Plasminogen activator

Matrix metalloproteases

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Which protein is broken down in epithelial cells to mediate loosening of intracellular junctions prior to invasion/metastasis

E-cadherin

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Tumor cells evade immunologic destruction by

Producing inmunnosuppressive molecules
Develop antigen negative variants
Reduce MCH molecule expression

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Hypercalcemia in apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in anal sac in dogs is mediated by

PTHrP

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Which proteins are important in mediating cancer cachexia

TNF-a
Proteolysis inducing factor
Lipid mobilizing factor

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Chronic inflammatory reactions in most tissues are characterized by

Fibrosis

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One mechanism that contributes to effective parasite larval killing by eosinophils

Major basic protein

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Macrophages can differentiate into

Epithelioid cells

Multinucleated giant cells

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Which mediator is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes?

CCL3/MIP-alpha1

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Which mediator is strongly chemotactic for neutrophils

CXCL8/IL-8

LTB4

C5a

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Type IV hypersensitivity reactions contribute to tissue damage via what mechanisms?

CD-8 T cell cytotoxicity

Cell-mediated immunity with cytokine/lymphokine mediated indirect effects

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Histamine increases vascular permeability at the level of capillaries and venules via which mechanism?

Endothelial cell contraction

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Which inflammatory cell is long-lived, can divide locally in tissue, and regulates immune and repair responses?

Macrophage

Which growth factors stimulates endothelial proliferation in repair

VEGF | Basic FGF

Which mediate pain in an inflammatory reaction

PGE 2 | Bradykinin

Which cell releases vasoactive amines and arachidonic acid metabolites to upregulate inflammatory reactions

Mast cell

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has been described in which animals

Holstein cattle | Irish setters

Which pathogenic mechanism of edema contributes significantly to protein-rich edema fluid in inflammatory reactions

Increased vascular permeability

Which molecules on leukocytes and epithelial cells respectively mediate leukocyte rolling?

Leukocyte: Sialy-Lewis X modified glycoprotein Endothelial cell: E selectin

Which molecules in leukocytes and endothelial cells mediate leukocyte adhesion on endothelial cells preceding transmigration during inflammation

Leukocyte: Integrin (CD11/CD18) Endothelial cell: ICAM-1

Inciting stimuli of granulomatous inflammation

Particulates resisting lysosomal degradation | Persisting molecules that stimulate T-cell hypersensitivity

Chemical mediators for vasodilation

PGE2 Histamine NO

Neutrophil-Endothelial cell surface molecules that mediate "rolling"

Sialyl-Lewis X selectin

Holstein cattle and Irish Setter dogs have a deficiency in

Integrin (CD18)

Fibrous vs Fibrinous

Fibrous: product of a repair process Fibrinous: inflammatory exudate

Suppurative inflammatory reactions are often induced by

Bacteria

Eosinophilic inflammatory reactions are often induced by

Nematode parasites

Macrophage-dominated (granulomatous) inflammatory reactions are often induced by

Fungi and mycobacteria

Which type of inflammatory cell is often associated with liquefactive necrosis

Neutrophil

Chemical mediators of vascular permeability

``` Histamine C3a C5a Bradykinin Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 PAF ```

Chemical mediators of chemotaxis/activation

``` Chemokines (IL-28) C5a LTB4 Microbial products Fibrinopepties ```

What chemical mediators have potent chemotactic activity for neutrophils?

c5a LTB4 IL-8/CXCL8

Inflammatory cells central to granulomatous inflammation

Macrophages Multinucleated giant cells Epithelioid cells

Granulomatous inflammation is almost always

Chronic

Potent inducers of angiogenesis

VEGF | Beta FGF

Type 1 anaphylactic sensitivity reactions can be mediated by

IgG | IgE

Which inflammatory mediator plays a central role in anaphylaxis?

Histamine | LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions can be mediated by

IgG | IgM

Tissue injury in a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by

T-cell induction of granulomatous inflammation | Direct T-cell toxicity

Neutrophil-endothelial surface molecules that mediate "rolling"

Sialyl-Lewis X - selectin

Which conditions favor tissue repair by fibrosis

Lack of renewable cell population Prolonged/severe injury Loss of basement membrane Large amount of exudate

What conditions favor tissue regeneration

Mild/brief injury Maintenance of basement membrane Small amount of exudate Available renewable cell population

Which tissues are highly susceptible to repair by fibrosis or scarring because they lack dividing renewable cell populations?

Myocardial myocytes | Cerebral cortical neurons

Most potent inducers of angiogenesis

VEGF | B-FGF

Type 1 hypersensitivities can be mediated by

IgE | IgG

Type III hypersensitivities can be mediated by

IgG | IgM

Type IV hypersensitivities can be mediated by

CD4 | CD8

What are potent chemotactic factors for neutrophils?

LTB4 | IL-8

What is a chemokine that promotes macrophage activation and differentiation to giant cells and epithelioid cell in granulomatous inflammation

INF-gamma

What accounts for neutrophils generally being the first cells to react to inflammation

Neutrophils are highly motile High circulating numbers of neutrophils in peripheral blood Neutrophils are responsive to a wide array of chemotactic substances

Which factors stimulate fibroblast proliferation?

B-FGF TNF-a TGF-b PDGF

All inflammatory reactions are classified by

Increased blood flow Increased vascular permeability Leukocytic exudation

Direct vs Indirect acting carcinogens

Direct: require no metabolic conversion Indirect: require metabolic conversion (most seen in vet med)

What is the best factor when assessing chronicity when examining inflammation microscopically

Fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis

Examples of a stable cell

Non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cell | Renal tubular epitheliam

Chemokine that is a potent chemotactic factor for macrophages/monocytes

MIP-1a

Growth factor released from macrophages that has paradoxical effect of promoting fibroblast proliferation and inhibiting epithelial proliferation

TGF-b

What is commonly generated in thrombosis and is chemitactic for macrophages

Fibrinopeptides

In granulation tissue, blood vessels are often arranged parallel to one another and in what orientation to exudates surface

Perpendicular

C5a contributes to immune complex injury by

Neutrophil chemotaxis | Increased vascular permeability

Mediator that is strongly chemotactic for eosinophils

Eotaxin (CCL11)

Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities contribute to the acceleration of granulomatous inflammation mediated largely by lymphocyte production of

INF-g

Common diagnostic methods in cancer diagnosis

Immunohistochemistry Flow cytometry Molecular analysis

Necrosis of epithelium and damage to basement membrane

Ulcer

Which factors lead to the generation of serum-derived inflammatory mediators

Hageman factor Kallikrien Fibrinogen

Cancer Grading

LOOKS AT MASS Based on degree of differentiation Mast cell tumors (Patnaik, Kiupel Grading) Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Staging

LOOKS AT WHOLE PATIENT Determined by surgical exploration or imaging Based on size, local and regional lymph node spread, and distant metastases TNM system of classification

Released by neutrophils and macrophages during chronic inflammation that mediates cell and tissue damage

Superoxide anion

What upregulates expression of integrins on leukocytes?

IL-1 TNF-a

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Hypercalcemia Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy Endocrinopathy

Order of cell cycle

G1, S, G2, M

Acute inflammatory reactions are characterized by large numbers of both necrotic and non-necrotic neutrophils due to

Neutrophils are highly motile Respond to a wide array of chemotactic factors Have a half-life of less than 24 hours Release chemotactic factors that recruit other neutrophils

Necrosis of epithelium WITHOUT damage of basement membrane

Erosion

Pathways of cancer spread

Lymphatics (carcinomas) | Hematogenous (sarcomas)

Big themes in cancer

1. Non-lethal genetic damage 2. Clonal expansion 3. Target regulatory genes 4. Accumulation of mutations

Tumor supressor genes

RB | P53

Carcinogenic agents

Chemical Radiation Microbial

Exam 2 Flashcards

(89 cards)