Exam 2 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
_________ harvest energy directly from the environment, and obtain carbon from inorganic molecules.
A
Autotrophs
2
Q
Plants and most other autotrophs make their own food by ____________, a process which uses the energy of sunlight to assemble carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
A
photosynthesis
3
Q
Animals and other ________ get energy and carbon by breaking down organic molecules assembled by other organisms.
A
Heterotrophs
4
Q
1) ______________ is part of an electromagnetic spectrum of energy radiating from the sun.
- Travels in 2)_______
- Organized in 3)_______
A
1) visible light
2) waves
3) photons
5
Q
___________ the distance between the crests of two successive waves of light (nm)
A
wavelength
6
Q
Shorter wavelength have _______ energy
A
greater
7
Q
Different wavelengths form
A
colors of the rainbow
8
Q
Photosynthesis uses wavelengths of ____-____ nm
A
380-700
9
Q
_________ an organic molecule that selectively absorbs light of specific wavelengths
A
pigments
10
Q
________
- the most common photosynthetic pigment.
- Absorbs violet and red light (appears green)
A
Chlorophyll a
11
Q
Chlorophyll and accessory pigments absorb
A
most wavelengths of visible light
12
Q
Certain electrons in pigment molecules absorb photons of light energy, ____________________________________
A
boosting electrons to higher energy level
13
Q
____ is captured and used for photosynthesis
A
energy
14
Q
Photosynthetic pigments works together to
A
harvest light of different wavelengths
15
Q
__________ identified colors of light that drive photosynthesis (violet and red) , by using a prism to divide light into colors - algae using these wavelengths gave off the most oxygen.
A
Engelmann
16
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a process which uses the energy of sunlight to assemble carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. A. Aerobic respiration B. Heterotrophy C. Metabolism D. Photosynthesis
A
D. Photosynthesis
17
Q
\_\_\_\_ is a product of photosynthesis. A. carbon dioxide B. Light energy C. Oxygen D. water
A
C. Oxygen
18
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a product of aerobic respiration. A. Glucose B. Heat energy C. light energy D. Oxygen
A
B. Heat energy
19
Q
The shorter wavelengths of visible light will tend to \_\_\_\_\_ A. appear red B. appear blue or violet C. produce infrared radiation D. have less energy
A
B. appear blue or violet
20
Q
Chlorophyll is a pigment that appears green because it absorbs\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. all wavelengths of light B. green light C. no light D. Violet and red light
A
D. Violet and red light
21
Q
Where in the plant cell are chloroplasts found? A. In the cell membrane B. In the cytoplasm C. In the stroma D. In the thylakoids
A
B. In the cytoplasm
22
Q
The two photosystems of the light dependent reactions are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. type 1 and type 2 B. Photosystem A and Photosystem B C. Photosystem 680 and Photosystem 700 D. Photosystem I and Photosystem II
A
D. Photosystem I and Photosystem II
23
Q
The electrons for photosynthesis come from\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. ATP B. glucose C. Chlorophyll a D. H20
A
D. H2O
24
Q
Plant cells release hydrogen ions and oxygen from H2O molecules in\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. ATP synthesis B. Photosystem I C. Photosystem II D. The light- independent reactions
A
C. Photosystem II
25
The proteins associated with the light -dependent reactions are located_____.
A. on the outer membrane of the chloroplast.
B. In the stroma
C. On the thylakoid membrane
D. throughout the cytoplasm
C. on the thylakoid membrane
26
```
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from _____.
A. Carbon dioxide
B. glucose
C. water
D. atmospheric oxygen
```
C. water
27
Most photosynthetic organisms use a _____________ to drive photosynthesis.
combination of pigments
28
An ______________ shoes which wavelengths each pigment absorbs best.
absorption spectrum
29
Organism in different environments use different ______.
pigments.
30
Why do leaves change color in the fall?
- Fewer hours of sunlight
- Decreased chlorophyll production
- eventually stops
31
In plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in _______
- prokaryotes have different types of plastids.
chloroplasts
32
________ is an organelle that specializes in photosynthesis in plants and many protists.
chloroplast
33
_______
- folded membrane that make up thylakoids
- Contains clusters of light-harvesting pigments that absorb photons of different energies and covert light energy into chemical energy ( First stage of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid membrane
34
________
- A semifluid matrix surrounded by the two outer membranes of the chloroplast.
- Sugars are built in the stroma ( second stage of photosynthesis.
Stroma
35
_________- _____ part (- first stage)
- noncyclic pathway
- cyclic pathway
- Make ATP
- And NADPH
Light- Dependent part
36
______-_______ part (- second stage)
| - use ATP to make glucose
Light- Independent part
37
1) _______-______ reactions convert light energy of chemical bonds.
- photons boost electrons in pigments to higher energy levels.
2) ____-_____ complexes absorb the energy.
1) Light dependent
| 2) Light harvesting
38
Electrons are released from special pairs of ___(1)____ molecules in ___(2)_____
1) chlorophyll a
| 2) Photosynthesis
39
Electrons may used in _____ or ______ pathways of ATP formation.
noncyclic or cyclic
40
__________ ( type __ or type ___) contain "special pairs" of chlorophyll a molecules that eject electrons
Photosystems ( type I or type II)
41
Electrons lost from photosystem __ are replaced by _______ of water molecules.
- the process by which light energy breaks down a water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen.
Electrons lost from photosystem II are replaced by photolysis of water molecules.
42
Electrons from a photosystem enter an ____________________ (ETC) in the thylakoid membrane.
Electron transfer chain
43
In the ___, electron energy is used to build up a ________ across the membrane.
In the ETC, electron energy is used to build up a H+ gradient across the membrane.
44
____ flows through ________, which attaches a phosphate group to ADP ( i.e, ________)
H+ flows through ADP synthase, which attaches a phosphate group to ADP ( i.e, phosphorylation)
45
ATP is formed in the ______ by chemiosmosis, or ___________________.
ATP is formed in the stroma by chemiosmosis, or electron transfer phosphorylation
46
Electrons from the first electron transfer chain ( from ________ ) are accepted by ________.
Electrons from the first electron transfer chain ( from photosystem II) are accepted by photosystem I
47
Electrons ejected from ________ enter a different electron transfer chain in which the coenzyme NADP+ accepts the electrons forming _______.
Electrons ejected from photosystem I enter a different electron transfer chain in which the coenzyme NADP+ accepts the electrons and H+ forming NADPH.
48
_______ and _______ are the energy products of light dependent reactions in the noncyclic pathway.
ATP and NADPH
49
When NADPH accumulates in the stroma
the noncyclic pathway stalls
50
A cyclic pathway runs in ___________ to make ATP; electrons are cycled back to photosystem I and ______________
A cyclic pathway runs in type I photosystems to make ATP; electrons are cycled back to photosystem I and NADPH does not form
51
__________________ is a light-driven reaction that attaches a phosphate group to a molecule.
Photophosphorylation
52
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, electrons move from _____ to _______, to _______, to ______
from water to photosystem II, to photosystem I to NADPH
53
In cyclic _______________, electrons cyclic within photosystem I
photophosphorylation
54
The ______-________ reactions of the Calvin- Benson Cycle are the "synthesis" part of photosynthesis.
light -independent
55
_________ enzyme- mediated reactions that build sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Calvin- Benson cycle
56
________ Extraction of carbon atoms from inorganic sources (atmosphere) and incorporating them into an organic molecule
Carbon fixation
57
Carbon fixation builds _____ from Carbon dioxide.
glucose
58
Carbon fixation uses bond energy of molecules formed in light- dependent reactions ( ___, ____)
ATP, NADPH
59
```
_______ is the process of converting inorganic carbon to an organic molecule.
A. Carbon fixation
B. Light Harvesting
C. Carbon transfer
D. Phosphorylation
```
A. Carbon fixation
60
```
The light- independent reactions______.
A. Fix carbon dioxide
B. Release oxygen
C. Cannot occur in light
D. generate ATP
```
A. Fix Carbon dioxide
61
Actual assembly of sugars during photosynthesis does NOT_______.
A. Occur during the light- independent reactions
B. Takes place in the stroma
C. Require NADPH
D. Produce ATP
D. Produce ATP
62
```
Which of the following is NOT a product of the light- independent reactions?
A. ADP
B. NADP+
C. Oxygen
D. Glucose
```
C. oxygen
63
```
All of the following products of the light- dependent reactions are used in the light- independent reactions EXCEPT for
A. O2
B. electrons
C. NADPH
D. ATP
```
A. O2
64
```
The C4 Pathway ____________.
A. Causes photorespiration
B. Involves the activity of rubisco
C. Is common for plants in cool, wet climates
D. Fixes carbon twice
```
D. fixes carbon twice
65
```
The CAM Pathway ________.
A. Involves only the Calvin-Benson cycle
B. Is used by plants in humid regions
C. Involves only the C4 cycle
D. needs day and night for completion
```
D. Needs day and night for completion
66
```
Aerobic respiration produces ________ and __________.
A. Carbon Dioxide; water
B. Oxygen; water
C. Oxygen; carbon dioxide
D. Glucose; carbon dioxide
```
A. Carbon dioxide; water
67
The enzyme _____ attaches to Carbon dioxide (CO2) to RuBP
- Forms two 3- Carbon PGA molecules
- PGAL is formed
- PGAs receive a phosphate group from ATP, and hydrogen and electrons from NADPH
- Two PGAL combine to form a 6-Carbon sugar.
Rubisco
68
_____ is regenerated
Rubisco
69
______
- small openings through the waxy cuticle covering epidermal surfaces of leaves and green stems
- allows C02 in and O2 out
- Close on dry days to minimize water loss
Stomata
70
_______
- plants that use ONLY the Calvin Benson cycle to fix carbon
- Forms 3- Carbon PGA in Mesophyll cells
- Most common and the most efficient at photosynthesis in cool, wet, climate
- Example: barley
C3 plants
71
When Stomata are closed water is ______.
conserved
72
But when stomata are closed carbon dioxide and oxygen ______.
Can't leave
73
When stomata are closed, CO2 needed for _______-______ reactions cant can't enter , O2 produced by ______-_____ reactions can't leave.
When stomata are closed, CO2 needed for light-independent reactions can't enter, O2 produced by light-dependent reactions can't leave
74
What happens at high product concentrations?
Photorespiration
75
_________
- At high O2 levels, rubisco attaches to Oxygen instead of carbon ( rubisco is inhibited)
- CO2 is produced rather than fixed.
- Makes photosynthesis inefficient
Photorespiration
76
________
- Plants that have AN ADDITIONAL SET OF REACTIONS FOR SUGAR PRODUCTION on dry days when stomata are closed; compensates for inefficiency of rubisco.
C4 Plants
77
In C4 plants carbon is fixed twice: once in _____ cells and again in ____ ____ cells.
Mesophyll cells and again in Bundle sheath cells
78
C4 plants are most efficient at photosynthesis in _____ climates and some examples of C4 plants are corn, switch grass and bamboo
hot, sunny climates
79
_________ (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
- Plants with an alternative carbon-fixing pathway that allows them to conserve water in climates where days are hot.
- Forms 4- Carbon oxaloacetate at night, which is later broken down to CO2 for sugar production.
Example: Succulents, cactuses.
CAM Plants
80
__________
- Bacteria or archaea
- Deep sea vents
- Use inorganic energy sources for Carbon- Fixation
- Hydrogen sulfide, Elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia
Chemoautotrophs
81
_______ metabolic pathways ( using oxygen) are used by most Eukaryotic cells.
Aerobic
82
______ metabolic pathways (which occur in the absence of oxygen) are used by prokaryotes and protists in anaerobic habitats.
Anaerobic
83
Aerobic respiration:
Three stages-
- _____ ( occurs in cytoplasm)
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Acetyl- CoA formation and Krebs cycle
- Electron transfer phosphorylation (ATP formation)
- Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 carry electrons and hydrogen.
Glycolysis
84
```
1) In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions__________.
A. Cannot occur in light
B. Fix Carbon Dioxide
C. Generate ATP
D. Release Oxygen
```
B. Fix Carbon
85
```
All of the following products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis reactions of photosynthesis are used in the light-independent reactions except for _________.
A. ATP
B. electrons
C. NADPH
D. O2
```
D. O2
86
______________ and ________ both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
Aerobic respiration and fermentation
87
_________ is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Fermentation
88
_________ is completed in mitochondria, yielding 36 ATP per glucose molecule
Aerobic respiration
89
Glycolysis
| _____ are used to split glucose and form 2PGAL, each one with a phosphate group.
2ATP
90
Glycolysis
| Enzymes convert 2PGAL to 2PGA, forming______
2NADH
91
Glycolysis
| Four ATP are formed by the substrate level phosphorylation (_________)
net 2ATP
92
_____-___ ends with the formation of two three-carbon pyruvate molecules.
Glycolysis
93
In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, enzymes split (1)______, forming (2)______ and carbon dioxide (which diffuses out of the cell)
- (3)______ is formed
1. pyruvate
2. acetyl CoA
3. NADH
94
1) _________
| - A sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions that breakdown 2)_______ into3) ________
1. Krebs cycle
2. acetyl CoA
3. 2 carbon dioxide
95
______________
- occurs in mitochondria
- results in attachment of phosphate to ADP to form ATP
Electron transfer phosphorylation
