Exam 2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
religion(Young definition)
A
human transformation in response to perceived ultimacy
2
Q
mysticism
A
practice/belief in direct experience
3
Q
theism
A
belief in existence of personal god
4
Q
monotheism
A
belief in one all-powerful god
5
Q
atheism
A
rejection of personal gods
6
Q
Hinduism
A
involves an end goal/state to work towards
problem: trapped by karma
cause of problem: desire and ignorance
end goal: moksha (liberation from cycle of rebirth)
means: paths of action, devotion, knowledge
7
Q
henotheism
A
many gods, one dominant
8
Q
pantheism
A
all reality is god
9
Q
monism
A
impersonal ultimacy is characterized by absolute unity
10
Q
secular religions
A
Marxism
Capitalism related to consumerism
11
Q
seven questions
A
1) what does it mean to be human?
2) what is the basic human problem?
3) cause of the problem?
4) end goal/transformation?
5) means of transformation?
6) nature of reality?
7) what is the sacred?
12
Q
anthropocentric
A
human-centered religion
13
Q
biocentric
A
centered on all living beings together
14
Q
ecocentric
A
all reality together
15
Q
traditional south Asian worldview (Hinduism)
A
laws/principles of karma (humanity has “karmic” self)
cause and effect
different from western ideas of moral accountability
problem: attachment
cause: desire and ignorance
end goal: liberation and enlightenment from cycle of rebirth
means: way of the dharma
reality: cycle of rebirth
16
Q
dharma
A
proper order of things, principles of conduct implied by order, when not observed: chaos
17
Q
kalpas
A
universe undergoes passing through ages
18
Q
moksha
A
culmination of life, ultimate goal
19
Q
karmic religions
A
eastern
20
Q
astrahamic religions
A
western
21
Q
atman
A
eternal, unchanging soul, “smaller than a grain of rice but larger than all worlds, not defined by space”
22
Q
samsara
A
cycle of rebirth
23
Q
dharma (two words)
A
right conduct
24
Q
artha
A
material gain
25
kama
pleasure (sexual)
26
moksha
liberation from cycle of rebirth
27
samadh
state of absorption
28
bhakti yoga
way of devotion, particular god is ultimate, preliminary to highest form of spiritual attainment
29
puja
expressions of devotion
30
jnana yoga
way of knowledge, intuitive experience of ultimate
31
guru
spiritual teachers
32
karma (Brodd)
law of causation
33
phala
result of any action
34
dharma (Brodd)
prescribed religious/rituals law/obligations
35
renouncer
usually male, gives up previous self and attachments, takes formal monastic vows/funeral rites, death of previous self/persona
36
four stages of life
1) celibate student
2) householder
3) hermit
4) renouncer
37
three debts
1) seers (study Vedas as student)
2) gods (offerings as householder)
3) ancestors (birth son as householder, perform ancestral rites)
38
varna system
ordering society itself
39
ashrama system
organize life of individual
40
brahmins
priests (the purest of people)
41
kshatriyas
warriors and kings
42
vaishyas
commoners and merchants
43
shudras
servants
44
harijans
children of god
45
jati
birth
46
dalits
different by region, bottom of the hierarchy, oppressed group
47
four aims of life
dharma: duty and ethics, living in harmony
2) kama: fulfillment of desire
3) artha: wealth and abundance
4) moksha: liberation and enlightenment
48
mārgas
paths
49
karma mārga
path of ritual action
50
jnana mārga
path of knowledge
51
bhkati mārga
path of devotion
52
Hopkins views on Hindu death
```
universal, biological
afterlife is fuzzy
no single view of death and afterlife
Vedic sacrificial tradition
NOT monotheistic
fire sacrifices
```
53
sapindtkarana
post-cremation rituals, performed by eldest son of deceased
54
upanisads
reflected attitudes of teachers, Vedic priests, Aryan ruling class
55
gita
the Hindu bible, one version of path of devotion
56
Elmore approach to contemporary Hinduism
space between life and death isn't significant, homes must be filled with photos of deceased, religion is fluid, no single deity, no founding figure, no authoritative text, varies at social location, conservation in preservation of tradition
57
raurava
lie hell
58
karma (Hopkins, 3)
1) transmigration -- samsara
2) personal duty -- dharma
3) fate -- kismat
59
caring for the dead
visit relatives
religious text readings
travel to sacred places
maintaining of ritual duty for as long as possible
people have to die outside on ground of cow dung and banana leaves with water in their mouth
cremation is normal
60
people you can't cremate
```
kids under 5
pregnant women
lepers
snake-bitten victims
renunciates
suicide victims
smallpox
```
61
preta
disembodied ghost
62
materials for communication
small stone
inscriptions
water tap
63
cumai tank
memorials dedicated to women died in pregnancy or childbirth
64
sūt
string died at site of accident to where body was found (for car accidents)
65
maśānì
death specialist
66
dying as a Hindu in England
shortage of priests
ritual innovation
dying in modern hospital causes for issues (communication, ritual)
67
Siddartha Guatama
founder of Buddhism, nicknamed "Buddha"
68
four passing sights
sorrowful old man
diseased man
dead man carried on a funeral pyre
monk in a yellow robe
69
Buddha
"one who had woken up"
70
nirvana
state of no desire
71
four noble truths
life is suffering
cause of suffering is desire
not trapped, release is possible
release is through eightfold path
72
sangha
Buddhist order of monks
73
ten precepts (basically the ten commandments)
```
ahmisa (refrain from taking own life)
do not take what is not given
be chaste
don't lie
don't take intoxicants
consume in moderation, never after noon
don't sing/dance
no tattoos or piercings
no reclining
don't accept gold/silver
```
74
Pali Canon
sacred text
75
tripitaka
three baskets
76
"three baskets"
vinaya pitaka
abidhamma pitaka
sutta pitaka
77
vinaya pitaka
disciplinary regulations, guidelines
78
abidhamma pitaka
higher philosophy, analysis of nature of existence
79
sutta pitaka
teachings, discourses
80
two branches of Buddhism
Therevada
| Mahayana
81
Therevada
"way of the elders", purest and most authentic
82
Mahayana
more liberal, started in India, spread to East Asia via missionaries, "the Large Vehicle"
83
anatman
no eternal self
84
skandhas
```
form
feelings
perception
volitions
awareness
```
85
Parable of the Mustard Seed
Kisa Gotami's son dies, she goes to Buddha to see if there's anything she can do to save him, tells her to go look for someone with a mustard seed who hasn't encountered loss, she realizes loss is just something that has to happen
86
arhant
follows Buddha, is enlightened, overcome attachment and desire
87
eightfold path
right belief -- correct view of nature of reality
right aspiration - freed mind of sensual desire
speech - no gossip
conduct - no killing, drugs, etc.
means of livelihood - forbidden occupations
endeavor - unwholesome action with negative karma
mindfulness - observation of oneself
meditation - calmness
88
sila
morality
89
samadhi
concentration
90
prajna
wisdom
91
stupas
dome/bell structures with disks, important at pilgrimage sites
92
anilla
all reality is impermanent
93
two possibilities of rebirth
aspect of psyche is born into new body
| state of nirvana achieved
94
anatta
no soul
95
gandhabba
mental complex essential to birth
96
worldview of Therevada Buddhism
reality: impermanence
sacred: spiritual atheism
human: soullessness/dependent on origination
problem: life is suffering
cause: suffering is caused by craving
end goal: extinction of craving
means: eightfold path of middle way
97
samura
warriors
98
shogun
central leader
99
kamikaze
Japanese for "divine wind"
100
three ages of dharma
age of authentic dharma
false/counterfeit dharma
"final" dharma
101
prajna
teachings on transcendent non-dual wisdom
102
sunyata
emptiness
103
worldview of Mahayana Buddhism
problem: deceive self into thinking we're not Buddha
cause: viewing self as separate from observing, becoming attached to pleasures
means of transformation: self-discovery
end goal: find truth win, experience same kind of awakening as Buddha
104
roshi
zen master
105
lama
superior one, teacher
106
famous Buddhist text
Bardo Thodol
107
Bardo Thodol
rituals used for dying person
108
two stages of Tibetan body disposal
temporary burial: deposit in a special chamber
| final burial: remains are enclosed in container
109
four burial methods
sky burial
water burial
ground burial
cremation
110
tsatsa
remains turn into figurines
111
length of time for cycle of rebirth
49 days, body cremated after 8 days
112
laukika
world/exotic way of coming to terms with grief
113
lokottara
monastic/esoteric way of coming to terms with grief
114
Jainism founder
Nataputta Vardhamana, nicknamed Mahavira
115
of Jains around the world
approx 4 million
116
beginning location
Mumbai, India
117
jina
great teacher
118
tirthankaras
cross finders/makers, originally 24, someone who found successful means for finding a way to go beyond cycle of rebirth, serves as an example
119
ahisma
noninjury
120
agmas
sacred text of Jainism, any body of teachings handed down by unbroken succession of sages
121
two major sects of Jainism
shvetambara
| digambara
122
shvetamabara
remembered sermons, discourses of Mahavira
123
digambara
original teachings of Mahavira are lost, essence is preserved
124
jiva
spiritual soul, by nature are all-knowing, eternal, blissful, perfect
125
worldview of Jainism
problem: "weighed down" by actions (karma)
cause: activity
end goal: become conqueror, all-knowing
means of transformation: self-denial, noninjury
reality: dualism of matter and spirit
sacred: spiritual atheism
126
five great vows
```
renounce killing of all living things
renounce viles of lying speech via anger
renounce taking things not given
renounce sex
renounce all attachments
```
