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BIOL 315 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Tay Sach’s Disease?

A

Ganglioside accumulation inbrain caused by loss of hexosaminidase A resulting in impaired functions

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2
Q

What is hexosaminidase A?

A

Lysosomal enzyme that degrades gangliosides

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3
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Defective chloride ion transport due to loss of CFTR resulting in thick mucus in the lungs

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4
Q

What is I-cell disease?

A

Lysosome doesn’t receive lysosomal enzymes and they become engorged because a phosphotransferase enzyme that adds mannose-6-phosphate is defective

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5
Q

What are the 3 lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Type II glycogenosis
Hurler syndrome, Hunter syndrome
Tay-sachs disease

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6
Q

What is Type II glycogenosis?

A

accumulation of excessive glycogen

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7
Q

What is Hurler, Hunter syndrome?

A

accumulation of glycosaminogylcans

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8
Q

What are the 5 function of membranes?

A
  1. Define boundaries
  2. Site of biological function
  3. Regulate movement of substances
  4. Detect external signals
  5. Mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication
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9
Q

What comprises the “fluid” part of the fluid mosaic model?

A

Membrane lipids

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10
Q

What are the 3 main classes of membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Sterols

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11
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • most abundant

- include phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids

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12
Q

What are glycolipids?

A
  • formed by adding carb and lipids

- include cerebrosides and gangliosides, glycosphingolipids, and glycoglycerolipids

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13
Q

What are cerebrosides?

A

Neutral glycolipids

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14
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

oligosaccharide head with one or more negatively charged sialic acid residue

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15
Q

What types of lipids are prominent in brain and nerve cells?

A

Glycolipids (cerebrosides and gangliosides)

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16
Q

What are sterols?

A

-include cholesterol, phytosterols, ergosterol

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17
Q

What sterol is used in animal cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

What type of sterol is used in plant cell membranes?

A

phytosterols

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19
Q

What type of sterol is used in fungal cell membranes?

A

ergosterol

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20
Q

What are the 2 common saturated fatty acids?

A

Palmitate (16)

Stearate (18)

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21
Q

What are the 2 common unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Oleate (1 double bond)

Linoleate (2 double bonds)

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22
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Have more than one double bond

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23
Q

What type of unsaturated fat occurs naturally?

A

Cis unsaturated fat

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24
Q

What is the FRAP technique?

A

laser uses fluorescent signal and watch live cells to see if they move to replenish the area damaged by the laser

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25
What are lipid rafts?
Localized regions of membrane lipids in association with specific proteins, dynamic structures
26
How do lipid rafts form?
Actin-binding proteins present suggesting cytoskeleton may play a role in their formation
27
Depleting cholesterol from a membrane or disrupting the actin cytoskeleton can interfere with
targeting of proteins to rafts
28
What are the functions of lipid rafts?
1. Transport nutrients and ions across membranes 2. Bind immune cells to microbial targets 3. Transport cholera toxin to intestinal cells
29
What is the "mosaic" part of the fluid-mosaic model?
membrane proteins
30
What are the 3 types of membrane proteins?
integral peripheral lipid anchored
31
What are integral membrane proteins?
embedded in lipid bilayer because of their hydrophobic regions
32
What are peripheral proteins?
hydrophilic located on surface of the bilayer
33
What are lipid-anchored proteins
hydrophilic and attached to the bilayer by covalent attachments to lipid molecules embedded in the bilayer
34
What is an integral monotropic protein?
integral membrane protein embedded in just one side of the bilayer
35
What is a singlepass protein and an example?
``` Transmembrane protein (spans both sides) that cross once ex. glycophorin ```
36
What is a multipass protein and an example?
Transmembrane protein that cross several times | ex. bacteriorhodopsin
37
What is glycosylation?
Addition of acarbohydrate side chain to a protein
38
Glycosylation begins in ___ and finishes in ____
ER | Golgi compartments
39
N-linked Glycosylation
addition of a carb to the nitrogen atom of an amino group
40
O-linked Glycosylation
addition of a carb to the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group
41
What are the most common sugars attached to proteins?
Galactose Mannose N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Sialic acid
42
Describe SDS PAGE Technique
Add SDS to protein to give it net negative charge and disrupt secondary structure of protein. Introduce electric current, proteins migrate in same direction. Negatively charged atoms move down gradient.
43
During SDS PAGE, charged proteins run
Cathode to anode | - to +
44
After SDS PAGE
transfer proteins from gel to membrane, introduce antibody, wash, introduce secondary blot, expose thin film
45
We use SDS PAGE and antibodies in a technique called
Western blot
46
Advantage of western blot
Shows us actual size
47
Describe polyclonal antibodies
mixture of antibodies, produced by clonally related B cells | nonrenewable
48
Describe monoclonal antibodies
Single antibody against single antigen | Grown from cultured cells
49
What three mechanisms are involved in moving solutes across membranes?
1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. active transport
50
Facilitated diffusion utilizes what types of channels to allow specific solutes to cross the membrane directly?
ion channels porins aquaporins
51
What are ion channels?
tiny pores lined with hydrophilic atoms | most allow passage of just oneion
52
What are the functions of ion channels?
1. muscle contraction 2. electrical signaling of nerve cells 3. maintain salt balance in cells and airways
53
What ion channel maintains proper chloride concentration in cells
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
54
What are porins
pores formed by multipass transmembrane proteins that allow rapid passage of various solutes
55
What is the structure of porins
The beta barrel has water-filled pore at its center. Polar side chains line inside of pore (tell hydrophilic solutes to pass). Outside of barrel contains nonpolar side chains interact with hydrophobic interior of membrane.
56
What are aquaporins?
Transmembrane channels that allow rapid passage of water
57
What is structure of aquaporins?
tetrameric integral membrane proteins. Central channels are lined with hydrophilic side chains
58
What is the E1 conformation of the Na+/K+ pump
open to inside of the cell and has high affinity for Na+ ions
59
What is the E2 conformation of the Na+/K+ pump
open to outside of the cell and has high affinity for K+ ions
60
Describe the mechanism of the Na+/K+ pump?
1. 3 Na+ binds to E1 conformation 2. Triggers phosphorylation of the alpha subunit by ATP 3. Pump shifts to E2, causes release of Na+ ions outside the cell 4. K+ ions bind to alpha subunit outside 5. Dephosphorylation of alpha subunit occurs, E1 conformation restored 6. K+ ions carried to inside of the cell and released
61
Name the 4 components of the endomembrane system
1. ER 2. Golgi Complex 3. Endosomes 4. Lysosomes
62
Function of the ER
synthesize proteins and lipids
63
Rough ER
- Form large flattened sheets
64
Functions of Rough ER
1. synthesize proteins 2. add carbs to glycoproteins 3. fold polypeptides 4. recognize remove misfolded proteins 5. Assemble multimeric proteins
65
Smooth ER functions
1. drug detox 2. carb metabolism 3. calcium storage 4. steroid biosynthesis 5. biosynthesis of membranes
66
What is an example of carb metabolism function of Smooth ER
glycogen breakdown (via phosphorolysis) in liver to provide energy source during fasting or exercise, producing glucose 6 phosphate
67
What is the CGN?
cis-Golgi Network | oriented toward ER
68
What is the TGN?
trans-Gogli Network | oriented away from ER
69
Describe the stationary cisternae model
cisterna is a stable structure transport between cisterna mediated by shuttle vesicles bud off from one cisterna and fuse with the next via cis-to-trans sequence
70
Describe the cisternal maturation model
Golgi cisternae are transient compartments gradually change from CGN to TGN Enzymes not needed later are returned (recycled)
71
What are the roles of ER and Golgi complex in protein trafficking?
- sorting proteins - retention and retrieval tags - fusion protein experiments - protein sorting in TGN
72
What is the RXR tag
NMDA receptor has it causes NMDA to be retained in ER till complex completely assembles Retention tag
73
what is a retrieval tag
KDEL or KKXX | receptor ligand complex is packaged into a transport vesicle for return to the ER

BIOL 315 (4 decks)

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