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Psychology 105 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Distortion of memory caused by misinformation during retrieval

Accuracy of memory effected by:
       • ease of recall
       • degree of confidence
       • knowledge of the subject
       • types of questions
       • racial identification
       • facial characteristics
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2
Q

Recognition Task

A

Pick a correct answer from a range of alternative answers

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3
Q

Language

A

Communication consisting of symbols

Arranged according to a set of rules

Must have meaning

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4
Q

Mental Rotation

A

Ability to manipulate images mentally / in your head

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5
Q

Problem Solving

A

Using mental strategies to solve problems

Trial and error
Insight problem solving
Algorithm
- step by step rules

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6
Q

Mental Image

A

Picture or representation of an event in your mind’s eye

Help with cognitive functions

Not limited to just visual stimuli

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7
Q

Recall

A

Free Recall
- Recall as much as possible

Serial Recall
- Recall a series in a specific order

Paired associates Recall
- pairs of items… recall 1 given the other

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8
Q

Retrieval Theory

A

Forgetting is a failure to access stored information

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9
Q

Encoding Failure

A

We only encode as much info as we need to

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10
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

Missing piece of retrieval cue leads to knowing or thinking you know something but not being able to recall

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11
Q

Loftus + Palmer

A

Framing things differently causes people to view them differently

Different words for crash changes perception of speed

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12
Q

Amnesia

A

Memory loss

Retrograde= loss of memory of past events (before accident)

Anterograde= loss of ability to form and store new memories

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13
Q

Framing

A

The way something is presented (framed) may effect how we think about it

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14
Q

Thinking

A

Mental representation and manipulation of info

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15
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Area of psychology that explores how we acquire knowledge

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16
Q

Deja Vu

A

Caused by overlap between short-term and long-term memory

Working memory error

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17
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Extremely emotional memories that are very vivid and detailed and are permanently seared into the brain

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking something down into smaller sections (chunks) to make it easier to remember

Short-term memory trick

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19
Q

“Magic Seven”

A

George Miller

We can generally store/remember 7 ( + or - 2) things at once in our short term memory

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20
Q

Echoic Memory

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A

Auditory Short-term memory

21
Q

Iconic Memory

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A

Photographic memory only lasting a fraction of a second

22
Q

Eidetic Memory

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A

“True” photographic memory

Rare in adults

23
Q

(memory) Retrieval

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A

Process of accessing stored info

Retrieval cues

24
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

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A

Similar retrieval cues lead to better recall

25
State Dependent Memory
Recall is better when you are in the same emotional/psychological and physical state
26
Context Dependent Memory Effect
Recall is better when in the same context/environment
27
3 Stage Memory Model
• Sensory •Short-term - Working •Long-term
28
(memory) Storage
Process of retaining info in memory
29
(memory) Encoding
Process of converting info into a form that can be stored in memory
30
Observational Learning
AKA social learning, learning through watching/observing
31
Latent Learning
Not immediately expressed with a response, occurs without obvious reinforcement
32
Insight Learning
Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs - Aha! moment
33
Punishment (+/-)
Negative Punishment - taking away a desired stimulus in order to decrease a behavior Positive Punishment- Adding a negative consequence in order to decrease a behavior
34
Reinforcement (+/-)
Positive Reinforcement- Reward with hopes of increasing a behavior Negative Behavior- Removal of a negative stimulus in order to increase a behavior
35
Schedules of Reinforcement
* Continuous Reinforcement- Response always reinforced * Intermittent Reinforcement- not every response is reinforced * Fixed Ratio- reinforcement only after a fixed # of responses, low extinction resistance, rapid responding, short pause * Fixed Interval- response only rewarded after a set amount of time, low extinction resistance, long pauses, short interval= higher rates * Variable Ratio- reinforcement after a random # of responses, higher extinction resistance, high steady rate with no pauses * Variable Interval- reinforcement after a random amount of time, higher extinction resistance, low steady rate with no pauses
36
Types of Reinforcers
* Primary- inherent reinforcement due to satisfying biological needs * Secondary- acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
37
Stimulus Discrimination (OC)
•Responding does not increase to a new stimulus that is similar to the original
38
Stimulus Generalization (OC)
•Responding increases to a new stimulus that is similar to the original
39
Acquisition (OC)
•Increasing in response to reinforcement shaping)
40
Extinction (OC)
Slowing of response after reinforcement stops
41
Cumulative Recorder
•Records responses in Skinner Box
42
Operant Conditioning
* Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences ( +/- reinforcement or punishment) * B.F. Skinner and Skinner Box
43
Classical Conditioning
* A stimulus originally neutral elicits the same/similar response to one originally elicited by a different stimulus * Links 2 stimuli, 1 response * Pavlov's dogs
44
Stimulus Generalization (CC)
• Response is still elicited if a stimulus is similar to the conditioned stimulus
45
What determines sexual orientation?
* Freud= over identification with a parent of the opposite sex may lead to homosexuality, influences in childhood and how children are raised determines sexuality * Modern= biology + in utero hormones may contribute to sexuality
46
Sexual Orientation
•Erotic and romantic attraction and interest •Can be a range - Ambisexual behavior - Kinsey Scale
47
Evolutionary Theory (of gender development)
Modern adaptations to traditional roles, gender identity with the goal of attracting mates
48
Gender Schema Theory (of gender development)
Children form mental categories (schemas) for masculine and feminine

Psychology 105 (1 decks)

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