Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSY 205 EXAM 2 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

(116 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of leaning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned responses naturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

unconditioned response

A

unlearned reaction to an US that occurs naturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning acquired that capacity to evoke a CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

conditioned response

A

learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial stage of learning a new response tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

extinction

A

gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned reponse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Little Albert Study

A 
US- loud noise
UR- fear
CS- white rat
CR- fear
Generalized to being all white fur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

conditioned emotional response

A

specific learned behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

when every instance of a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforcer given after a set number of nonreinforced responses (faster results)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforcer is given after a random number of nonreinforced responses (steadier and faster results)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforcer is given after a set amount of time following the first response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

variable interval

A

reinforcer is given after a random amount of time following the first response (steadier results)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

observational learning

A

when an organism’s response is influenced by the observation of another’s ( models)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Albert Bandura

A

observational learning/bobo dolls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

bobo doll study

A

children put into a room with two bobo dolls

those who saw the aggressive video were more aggressive to the dolls than those who didn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TV depictions of violence

A

increase in aggressive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

processes of observational learning

A

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Memory

A

group of related mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain and retrieve info for a variety of uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Memory
we don’t replay or recall events
memory is reconstructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
false memory
distorted or fabricated recollection of something that didn't occur
26
misinformation effect
falsely reconstructing memories based off faulty info
27
Loftus Research (crime scene)
participant's watched slides of a crime involving a screwdriver then read a description of the crime where they mentioned the hammer a majority remembered the hammer
28
Loftus research (car)
saw a video of a car hitting a pedestrian those who were asked questions about the crime referring to the yield sign remembered the sign as a yield sign even though originally they saw a stop sign
29
encoding
forming a memory code
30
elaboration
linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
31
retrieval cues used to enhance encoding
elaboration imagery motivation to remember
32
attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
33
memory storage
maintaining encoded info in memory over time
34
sensory memory
preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually a fraction of second
35
rehearsal
process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info
36
chunk
group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
37
working memory
modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information
38
long term memory
unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
39
flashbulb memories
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
40
serial position effect
subject show better recall for items at the beginning and end of the list than those in the middle (primacy and recency effects)
41
conceptual heirarchy
multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
42
schema
organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object of event abstracted from experience with the object or event
43
semantic network
nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
44
retrieval
recovering info from memory stores
45
tip of the tongue
temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach
46
context cues
facilitating memory by putting yourself back in the context it was acquired
47
retrieval cues
context cues memomic devices elaboration imagery
48
menomic devices
used to increase recall
49
decay theory
proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
50
interference theory
proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material
51
retroactive interference
when new information impairs the retention of previously learned info
52
organic amnesia
extensive memory loss due to head injury
53
retrograde amnesia
can't remember prior info
54
anterograde amnesia
can't form new memories
55
declarative memory
handles factual information
56
semantic memory
general facts
57
episodic memory
personal experience
58
procedural memory
handles memory of actions, skills, and responses
59
Drive theory
biological needs must be met. if they are left unmet a person experiences an internal drive
60
homeostasis
state of physiological equilibrium
61
drive
hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tension
62
incentive theory
external stimuli regulate motivational states
63
evolutionary theory
motives of humans and other species are the products of evolution
64
hunger and eating: early hypothesis
stomach contractions cause hunger
65
hunger and eating: current hypothesis
hypothalamus regulates eating drinking and temperature
66
biological drives of hunger
hypothalamus hormonal regulation set point theory
67
set point theory
your body has a natural stable body weight
68
external drives of hunger
stress highly playable food cafeteria effect
69
David Buss
men are more likely to say yes to sex than women
70
parental investment theory
what each sex has to invest - in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and foreign opportunities - to produce and nurture offspring
71
social roles theory
men have had the dominant role in society | men and women have developed different preferences in partner selection
72
achievement motive
need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others and to meet high standards of excellence
73
emotion
involves a cognitive, physiological and behavioral component
74
cognitive component of emotion
a subjective conscious experience
75
physiological component of emotion
bodily arousal
76
behavioral component of emotion
characteristic overt expressions
77
affective forecasting
efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events
78
polygraph
device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned
79
facial feedback hypothesis
facial muscles send signals to the brain that aid in recognition of emotions
80
james lange theory
physiological response occurs due to an event which we understand as an emotion
81
canon bard theory
experience of emotion and physical response happens simultaneously
82
schachters two factor theory
arousal occurs and we search for an explanation and this appraisal influences our emotion
83
prenatal period
conception to birth
84
germinal stage
phase one | first two weeks after conception
85
placenta
structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers bloodstream and also allows for bodily waste to exit via the mother
86
embryonic stage
2nd stage | 2wks to the end of month 2
87
fetal stage
3rd stage | end of month 2 till birth
88
fetal alcohol syndrome
collection of congenital problems associated w excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
89
age of viability
between 22 and 26 weeks baby can survive premature birth
90
motor development
progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
91
attachment
close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
92
evolutionary theory of attachment
john bolwby | biological basis/attachment is not based off of feeding
93
behaviorist theory of attachment
mothers are associated with the powerful reinforcement of being fed
94
harry harlow
used the baby monkeys wire mother vs the cloth mother when scared they were attached to the cloth mother because of a social/emotional attachment
95
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation | infant behavior was observed in an unfamiliar room while the caregiver and a stranger walked in and out of the room
96
Mary Ainsworth's levels of attachment
secure avoidant anxious ambivalent disorganized
97
secure attachment
interacts with the caregiver | distraught when caregiver is gone but quickly is calmed w return
98
avoidant attachment
little to no interaction with the caregiver
99
anxious ambivalent attachment
anxious around the caregiver
100
disorganized attachment
confused by caregiver | usually means caregiver is abusive
101
reactive attachment disorder
failure to form normal attachments
102
separation anxiety
emotional distress seen in infants when separated from those they held attachments with
103
Piaget
stage theorist
104
Piaget's levels of development
sensimotor pre operational concrete operational formal operational
105
sensimotor
0-2yrs thinking by using senses object permanence
106
pre operational
``` 2-6yrs improving mental image use egocentricism animism centration ```
107
egocentricism
limited ability to share another's viewpoints
108
animism
all things are living
109
centration
focuses on one part of a problem
110
concrete operational
``` 7-11yrs perform operations on tangible objects logical about concrete events reversibility decentration conservation ```
111
formal operation period
11yrs + | abstract thought
112
vygotsky
emphasis on how children's cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with parents and others who provide invaluable guidance
113
kohlberg's moral levels
pre conventional conventional post conventional
114
preconventional morals
punishment vs reward
115
conventional morals
rules are valued | approval vs disapproval
116
post conventional morals
rules are not absolute | moral relativsim

PSY 205 EXAM 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions