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PID 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Virus Transmission

A 
Direct
Indirect
Common vehicle transmission (fecal contamination of water/food; virus contamination of meat)
Airborne
Vector (arthropod)
Zoonotic
Vertical
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2
Q

Impact of virus replication on host

A
  1. Cell Death
  2. No change
  3. Malignancy
  4. Fusion of cells (agglutination)
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3
Q

What is the first line of indication of a virus?

A

Clinical Signs

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4
Q

What are the types of detection of virus infection?

A
  1. Clinical Signs
  2. Necropsy
  3. Histopathology
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5
Q

Define Pleomorphism

A

The ability of a virus to change shape and size

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6
Q

What are the 6 steps of virus Replication?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis of virus nucleic acid/ genome
  5. Assembly and maturation
  6. Release in large numbers
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7
Q

A capsid is made up of many ___________, held together by _________________

A

Capsomeres, non-covalent bonds

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8
Q

All viruses are considered _________________

A

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

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9
Q

What are 3 types of treatments for viruses?

A
  1. Antiviral drugs
  2. Immune System Stimulation - interferons (proteins w/antiviral effects and modulate function of immune system)
  3. Synthesize Ab’s or administration of natural antiserum (Ab’s)
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10
Q

What are the types of Serology detection/diagnosis of viruses?

A

ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbant assay)
Fluorescent Ab stain
Immunohistochemical stain

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11
Q

What are the 5 methods of prevention and control?

A
  1. Vaccination
  2. Proper hygiene and sanitation
  3. Elimination of arthropod vectors - biological and chemical control
  4. Quarantine
  5. Culling (killing) - burn or bury
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12
Q

What are the broad routes of entry of a virus INTO a host?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous-membrane
  3. GI Tract
  4. Respiratory Tract
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13
Q

How can a virus enter a host through the skin?

A 
A. From a cut/breach in the skin
B. Transcutaneous Injection via:
           Bite of Arthropod 
           Bite of Infected Animal
           Contaminated Objects (i.e. Needles)
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14
Q

How can a virus enter a host via a Mucous Membrane?

A

Through the : Conjunctiva (eye)
Oropharynx (mouth)
Genitourinary Tract/ Rectum

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15
Q

Define Viremia and the two types of viremia

A

Viremia - the presence of virus in blood
Primary - spread virus from subepithelial tissue/lymphatics
Secondary - directly injected in blood, through mosquito bite/syringes

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16
Q

Define Nuerotropic Virus

A
  • Infects neural cells - caused by neural or hematogenus spread
  • virus has an affinity for CVS
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17
Q

Define a Neuroinvasive Virus

A

Virus enters CVS after infection at peripheral sites

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18
Q

Define Neurovirulent Virus

A

Severe damage to the CVS

-virus causes disease to nervous tissue, leads to neurological symptoms and often death

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19
Q

What cell type to viruses use to cross the Blood Brain Barrier

A

Monocytes

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20
Q

What is the term for the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue?

A

Tropism

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21
Q

What type of virus can replicate in more than 1 host tissue/organ

A

Pantropic Virus

22
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of viral injury?

A
  1. Cell Lysis
  2. Apoptosis - of host cell as last resort defense mechanism
  3. Oncoviruses
  4. Persistent Infection - virus remains dormant for long period of time
  5. Immunosupression - infect/destroy immune system specific cells
23
Q

An Ulcer is an opening in the skin from the sloughing of necrotic tissue past the epidermis: True or False?

A

TRUE

24
Q

A Nodule is a benign skin growth at the top layer of skin: True or False

A

FALSE: a nodule is a solid tumorous mass deep in the dermis

A wart is a benign growth on the top layer of the skin

25
Q

What is the complement pathway activated by?

A

C1 binding to C-reactive protein on the pathogen surface

Allows C4 to attach and cleave into C4b and C4a parts

26
Q

What is the C3 convertase and C5 convertase factors of the alternative pathway?

A

C3: C3b-Bb
C5: C3b-Bb-C3b

27
Q

Which has the shorter lag phase, greater magnitude, and class-switched IgG, and IgG having been exposed for a long period of time? Primary or Secondary Humoral Immune Response?

A

Secondary Humoral Immune response

-in Primary: IgM doesn’t stay long

28
Q

Humoral Immunity is a part of classical immunity: True or False

A

FALSE - it’s a part of adaptive immunity

29
Q

What are the consequences of complement activation?

A

Lysis (MAC)
Opsonization (C3a)
Activation of inflammatory response (C3a + C5a)
Clearance of immune complexes (removal of particulate antigens)

30
Q

Which immunoglobulin cleaves into 2 parts? Pepsin or Papin?

A

Pepsin; Papin cleaves into 3 parts

31
Q

Define an epitope

A

An epitope is an antigen determinant

32
Q

Define a Paratope

A

Part of the AB that recognizes antigen (small region of antibody FAB region)
Types include: Antibodies (Ab), BCR’s, and TCR’s

33
Q

_________ & __________ recognize native protein antigens without processing or without MHC

A

BCR’s and Ab’s

34
Q

MHC I is only on ___________, and MHC II is only on ___________ (B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells)

A

T-cells, Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

35
Q

MHC I is a part of the exogenous or endogenous antigen pathway?

A

Endogenous antigen pathways - Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) recognizes complex of MHC I + peptide and kills infected cell

36
Q

What activated macrophages for DTH response?

A

CD4 + TH1 which allows peptide boding to MHC II

37
Q

What activated B-cells for Antibody Response?

A

CD4 + TH2

MHC II binds peptide

38
Q

What types of cells serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and activate naive T cells?

A

Dendritic Cells - stimulate adaptive immunity via the lymph nodes

39
Q

What types of cells are associated with ADCC (Ab dependent cell-medicated cytotoxicity)?

A

NK cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

40
Q

What type of cell responds to intestinal helminths?

A

Eosinophils

41
Q

What is a disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host?

A

An Infectious Disease

42
Q

The invasion of an organism in/on a host (ticks, fleas, parasites)

A

Infestation

43
Q

A disease transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes

A

A Contagious Disease

44
Q

A disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes form an infected person, animal, plant or contaminated inanimate reservior

A

A Communicable Disease

45
Q

Latent Period

A

Microbe replicating but not enough for host to become infectious

46
Q

Incubation period

A

Microbe replicating but not symptomatic

47
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

A habitat where an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiples (humans, animal, or environment)

They maintain pathogen over time from year to year/ generation to generation

48
Q

Pathogens can evade immunity for animals to become “susceptible again,” and re-infection can occur: True or False

A

TRUE

49
Q

Define Balanced Pathogenicity

A

When pathogens can cause infections with minimal symptoms

50
Q

All sick animals are reservoirs: True or False

A

FALSE

PID 2 (1 decks)

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