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Planet Earth > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Deformation of Rocks

A

part of the task of assessing the geologic history of an area is recording and describing how rocks should have been deformed

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2
Q

fault

A

weird lines

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3
Q

fold

A

squiggly lines

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4
Q

formation

A

a lithologic unit differing from over and underlying units and is mappable

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5
Q

a map

A

representation of earth’s surface

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6
Q

bar scale

A

indicated by a line or bar with distances marked in miles, feet, or kilometers

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7
Q

ratio 1:24000

A

one unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units of the same size on the ground

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8
Q

contour lines

A

elevation is indicated by contour lines

it is also a line on a map connecting points of equal elevation

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9
Q

contour interval

A

the elevation difference from one line to another

usually printed on the topographic map

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10
Q

strike

A

bearing of a line defined by the intersection of a bedding plane and the horizontal

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11
Q

dip

A

acute angle between bedding plane and the horizontal, measured perpendicular to strike

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12
Q

compression

A

a force that squeezes together or shortens a rock

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13
Q

stress

A

a force acting on a rock

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14
Q

tension

A

a force that stretches a body and tends to pull it apart

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15
Q

shear

A

force that pushes two sides of a body in opposite directions

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16
Q

plate boundary at which tension dominates

A

divergent -> mid ocean ridge

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17
Q

plate boundary at which compression dominate

A

convergent -> subduction zone

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18
Q

strain

A

any change in the original shape or size of an object in response to stress acting on the object

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19
Q

elastic deformation

A

a change in shape of an object under stress that disappears when the stress is removed.

rocks are elastic

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20
Q

brittle deformation

A
  • cracking and fracturing of an object under stress
  • perm damage
  • usually occurs along subplanar surfaces that separate zones of coherent material
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21
Q

plastic deformation

A
  • smooth continuous plastic deformation under increasing force
  • occurs by the slippage of atoms or small groups of atoms past each other in the deforming material
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22
Q

factors that affect deformation

A

temperate
pressure
strain rate
rock type

the variation of these factors determines whether it will be a fault or fold

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23
Q

brittle deformation, where?

A

occurs at shallow depths where it is cold and low confining pressure

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24
Q

plastic deformation, where?

A

occurs at greater depths where the it is warm and high confining pressure

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25
fold
a bend in rocks
26
limb
refers to the two sides of a fold
27
hinge line
a line drawn down the points of a max curvature of each layer
28
axial plane
imaginary plane that connects the hinge lines
29
anticline
a fold of rocks where the beds dip away from the center oldest rocks are exposed in the center
30
syncline
a fold of rocks where the beds dip toward the center youngest corns are exposed in the middle
31
plunge
single line is not parallel to the ground
32
dome
oldest formation exposed on the surface...center
33
basin
oldest formation exposed on the surface....not near center
34
joint
a break in rock with no movement
35
dip-slip fault (normal)
motion of the fault blocks, parallel to the dip direction extension
36
normal faults will mostly occur at
divergent
37
dip-slip fault (reverse)
shortening
38
reverse faults most likely to be found at
convergent
39
thrust fault
low angle reverse fault
40
strike-slip faults
motion of the fault blocks, parallel to the strike direction
41
convergent boundary fault
thrust
42
folds are an example:
compression stress leading to plastic deformation
43
brittle force
faulting all the way
44
shield volcano
low viscosity lava flows low silica magma - basalt gently sloping flanks - 2 and 10 degrees tend to be very large
45
cinder cone
300 meters steep -> 30 degrees small short duration of activity formed of pyroclastic
46
composite volcano
alternating pyroclastic and lava layers slopes intermediate in steepness intermitten eruptions over long time mostly andesite ring of fire and mediterranean belt
47
lahar
a mixture of water and pyroclastic material in concrete-like slurry capable of moving up to 100km/hr
48
pyroclastic flow (Nuee Ardente)
Mixture of hot gases, ash, and rocks forming a super-heated and dense current capable of moving 150 km/hr.
49
"great" earthquakes
most great earthquakes are subduction mega-thrust events
50
plate-tectonic earthquake activity
convergent, divergent, and transform
51
earthquake
vibration caused by the sudden breaking of rocks produced by the rapid release of energy along a fault
52
seismic wave
intense vibrations that travel outward form the spot where the rock breaks radiate from the focus of an earthquake
53
focus
point at which slip initiates, can be as deep as 700km
54
epicenter
point on surface above the focus
55
fault slip
the distance of the displacement or offset of the fault
56
elastic rebound theory
tectonic forces slowly deform rocks until the forces holding the rocks together are overcome and the stored energy is violently released
57
fault slip
the distance of the displacement or offset of the fault
58
foreshock
smaller earthquakes that precede a major earthquake
59
aftershock
smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake
60
largest aftershock
tends to be about 10 times smaller than the main shock
61
two kings of waves from earthquakes
surface waves | body waves
62
surface waves
travel along the earths surfave
63
body waves
travel through earths interior
64
two kinds of body waves
p wave | s wave
65
p wave
primary or compressional waves fastest waves travel at 6 km/s change in volume travel through solid and liquid
66
s wave
shear or secondary waves resemble waves in a rope 2nd fastest wave travel at 3.5 km/s change in shape do not travel through liquid
67
great amplitude and cause the most damage
surface wave...very slow
68
how to measure size of an earthquake
damage caused, size of the seismic wave, area of the fault that ruptured.
69
modified mercalli intensity scale
intensity scale measure the effects of an earthquake at a particular location
70
magnitude scale
based on the amount of energy released
71
richter scale
measure of the log of the amplitude the largest s-wave received at 100 km
72
richter scale is logarithimic
increase 1 unit = 10 times greater shaking
73
not felt by people
earthwuakes less than m = 2
74
largest quake ever
around 9....rocks not strong enough for more stress
75
moment magnitude
based on the amount of energy released
76
small earthquake
rupture small areas so amplitude of short period signals good measure of seismic source
77
large earthquake
rupture large areas so longest wavelengths good measure of seismic source
78
m
shear modulus * rupture area * slip offset
79
new madrid
accounts for 5% of earthquake energy every year does not fit into place tectonic theory due to reactivation of old fault

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