Exam 2

Question 1

Glycolysis Stimulators

Answer 1

High glucose
Insulin
High AMP, ADP (low ATP)
High Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

Question 2

Glycolysis Inhibitors

Answer 2

High ATP
Glucagon
High Pyruvate
High Lactate
High Alanine
High Citrate

Question 3

Gluconeogenesis Stimulators

Answer 3

Glucagon
High Acetyl CoA
High Citrate

Question 4

Gluconeogenesis Inhibitors

Answer 4

High Glucose
Insulin
High AMP, ADP
High Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

Question 5

Where is most glycogen stored?

Answer 5

Muscle - 10% of liver is glycogen and 2% of muscle is glycogen, but we have a lot more muscle

Question 6

Where in the cell is glycogen?

Answer 6

Cytosol

Question 7

What breaks the alpha 1-4 bond to release glucose residue?

Answer 7

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Question 8

__________ - Glycogen production

__________ - Glycogen breakdown

Answer 8

Glycogenesis - Production

Glycogenolysis - Breakdown

Question 9

Glycogen Phosphorylase coenzyme

Answer 9

Pyridoxal Phosphate (required)

Question 10

Key regulatory enzyme of glycogenolysis

Answer 10

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Question 11

Key regulation site of GNG

Answer 11

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

Question 12

Glycogen phosphorylase will continue breaking alpha(1-4) bonds until…

Answer 12

it is 4 glucose residues away from a branch point

Question 13

Removes the outer three glucose molecules in glycogenolysis

Answer 13

Glucosyl-(4:4)-transferase

Question 14

removes the last glucose of the branch (glycogenolysis)

Answer 14

Amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glucosidase

Question 15

Two forms of Glycogen Phosporylase

Answer 15

a = R state = active
b = T state = inactive

Question 16

What shifts glycogen phosphorylase from R to T state

Answer 16

glucose binding to active site

Question 17

What shifts glycogen phosphorylase from T to R state

Answer 17

High concentration of AMP

Question 18

Enzyme of an energy-producing pathway that is also allosterically stimulated by increased AMP

Answer 18

PFK

Question 19

Epinephrine:
Released in response to _____ and ______.
Primarily in _______
Will affect the ______ to a lesser extent

Answer 19

Epinephrine:
Released in response to FEAR and EXERCISE.
Primarily in MUSCLE
Will affect the LIVER to a lesser extent

Question 20

Glucagon:
Released in response to…
Associated with the liver - not msucle

Answer 20

Glucagon is released in response to LOW BLOOD SUGAR

Question 21

Epinephrine and Glucagon both will stimulate…

Which will convert…

Answer 21

The cAMP Cascade

converts Glycogen Phosphorylase b to a

Question 22

Calcium-binding protein subunit of Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase

Answer 22

Calmodulin

Question 23

Calmodulin activates…

Answer 23

Glycogen breakdown

Question 24

Ca2+:
Liver -
Muscle -

Answer 24

Liver - Released due to “fight or flight” response

Muscle - Released my Sarcoplasmic Reticulum to trigger contraction

Question 25

Removes the phosphate group from Glycogen phosphorylase converting it back to and inactive form

Answer 25

Protein Phosphatase1 (PP1)

Question 26

Glucose is stored as GLYCOGEN in the brain. Locations: (2) More in gray or white matter?

Answer 26

Locations: Astrocytes and Embryonic Neurons | 2x's more in Gray matter than white.

Question 27

Glycogenolysis (glycogen degradation) Stimulators:

Answer 27

``` Low Energy -High ADP or AMP Epinephrine/Norepinephrine Glucagon (liver) -Low glucose Calcium -Muscle Contraction -Stress response ```

Question 28

Glycogen Synthesis (glycogenesis) Stimulators:

Answer 28

High Energy | High Glucose

Question 29

Using the cAMP cascade, phosphorylating and activating _______ _________ _______ with phosphorylate and activate glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 29

Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase | not to be confused with coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate - required for glycogen phosphorylase

Question 30

Phosphoglucomutase (what does it do?)

Answer 30

converts G-1-P to G-6-P

Question 31

Glucose-6-Phosphatase (what does it do?)

Answer 31

Converts G-6-P to Glucose

Question 32

Glycogenesis: | Glucose --(hexokinase/glucokinase)--> G-6-P --(Phosphoglucomutase)--> G-1-P --( ? )--> ( ? )

Answer 32

--(UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase)--> | UDP Glucose + PPi (activated glucose + Pyrophosphate)

Question 33

Glycogenesis: | UDP-Glucose + PPi --( ? )--> ( ? )

Answer 33

--(Pyrophosphorylase--> Pi + Pi

Question 34

What catalyzes the formation of the primer for glycogenesis

Answer 34

Glycogenin

Question 35

Which formation can store more glycogen, branched or unbranched? How is created and what is created?

Answer 35

branched | use glucosyl-(4:6)-transferase to create alpha(1-6) bond

Question 36

Key regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis

Answer 36

Glycogen Synthase

Question 37

Low glycogen levels is the most potent stimulator of what?

Answer 37

Glycogen Synthase in skeletal muscle

Question 38

which is insulin dependent, slow phase or rapid phase of glycogen synthesis after intense exercise?

Answer 38

Slow Phase - Insulin Dependent | Rapid Phase - Insulin Independent

Question 39

what are three glycogenolysis enzyme deficiency diseases.

Answer 39

von Gierke - Liver McArdle - Muscle Pompe - alpha-glucosidase or debranching enzyme deficiency (in organs)

Question 40

Key regulating enzyme of Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 40

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Question 41

The key rate limiting step of PPP

Answer 41

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Question 42

Key product of the oxidative phase of PPP

Answer 42

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH)

Question 43

Synthesis stimulators for PPP

Answer 43

Fatty Acid Synthesis Cholesterol Synthesis Nucleotide Synthesis

Question 44

Processes beside synthesis that stimulate PPP

Answer 44

Detoxification Respiratory Bursts Antioxidant Regeneration

Question 45

Process NADPH is used for in detoxification

Answer 45

P450 Monooxygenase System | aka: Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase System

Question 46

2 requirements to make toxins soluble in P450 Monooxygenase system

Answer 46

Electrons and Oxygen

Question 47

2 enzymes of respiratory bursts

Answer 47

Superoxide Dismutase | Myeloperoxidase

Question 48

3 locations of superoxide dismutase

Answer 48

Extracellular Cytoplasm Mitochondria

Question 49

Catalase (2H2O2 --catalase--> 2H2O + O2) is _____ dependent

Answer 49

Iron

Question 50

Most significant enzyme in quenching hydrogen peroxide

Answer 50

Glutathione Peroxidase

Question 51

Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) is _______ dependent

Answer 51

Selenium

Question 52

Tripeptide of glutathione

Answer 52

Glutamate-Cysteine-Glycine

Question 53

Enzyme of glutathione regeneration

Answer 53

Glutathione Reductase