Exam 2

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

how drugs enter, circulate, and exit our bodies

Question 2

pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of action

Question 3

what does BAC measure

Answer 3

miligrams of alcohol/100 ml of blood

Question 4

how much does one drink increase one’s BAC

Answer 4

.03%

Question 5

who prefers beer

Answer 5

young males

Question 6

who prefers wine

Answer 6

women, younger people, more educated

Question 7

who prefers liquor

Answer 7

males, heavier drinkers, less educated, middle-aged to older

Question 8

other things affecting driving ability

Answer 8

past drinking experience, last meal, comorbid usage

Question 9

BAC of .10 indicates what

Answer 9

one tenth of 1% of blood is ethanol

Question 10

what differs b/w male and female drinkers that affects concentration of ethanol in blood

Answer 10

body fat

Question 11

ascending limb of BAC curve

Answer 11

end of drinking until peak intoxication

Question 12

descending limb of BAC curve

Answer 12

end of drinking to sobriety

Question 13

objective bac level

Answer 13

scientific measurement of bac

Question 14

subjective bac level

Answer 14

what someone thinks their bac is

Question 15

explain trends in objective/subjective bac levels

Answer 15

At point A, subjective is usually higher than objective (people are having fun, feeding off environment). At point B objective is usually higher than subjective. (this explains why people will drive).

Question 16

enzyme in liver that metabolizes alcohol

Answer 16

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)

Question 17

what does alcohol get metabolized into in the liver

Answer 17

acetaldehyde

Question 18

brain lacks what enzyme

Answer 18

ADH

Question 19

What enzymes are found in the brain that make up for the lack of ADH

Answer 19

cytochrome P450 and catalase

Question 20

negative side-effects of acetaldehyde

Answer 20

toxic
damage tissue
creates ROS (reactive oxygen species)
alter the redox state

Question 21

final enzyme that breaks apart acetaldehyde

Answer 21

ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase)

Question 22

what does acetaldehyde get broken into?

Answer 22

water and acetate

Question 23

ways of drug loss during ingestion

Answer 23

respiration, perspiration, urination

Question 24

what ways do drugs reach one’s brain the quickest

Answer 24

inhalation, injection, and absorption

Question 25

reasons why inhalation, injection, absorption are more effective

Answer 25

not broken down by liver, and avoids stomach acid

Question 26

how do breathalizers work?

Answer 26

1. ingest alcohol 2. alcohol absorbed through intestines 3. oxygenated blood carries alcohol 4. blood passes through alveoli and breathed out

Question 27

explain body fat/muscle

Answer 27

body fat contains less water than muscle. therefore someone with higher fat concentration has a higher ethanol concentration than someone with higher muscle concentration

Question 28

why can't you measure THC intoxication

Answer 28

THC is stored in fat, not blood stream. so,, how could one measure it?

Question 29

cerebellum contains what percentage of neurons in brain

Answer 29

70%

Question 30

What does cerebellum do?

Answer 30

regulate movement such as; posture, head/eye movement

Question 31

what brain area first affected when drinking

Answer 31

cerebellum

Question 32

addictive drugs release what? in where?

Answer 32

dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 33

where do dopamine neurons originate?

Answer 33

VTA (ventral tegmental area)

Question 34

nucleus accumbens is important in what?

Answer 34

reward pathway

Question 35

Incentive-sensitization model

Answer 35

a model of addiction holds that the absence of a drug like alcohol after prolonged use heightens its incentive salience

Question 36

Alcohol increases GABA release and inhibits release of __________ according to the lecture slides.

Answer 36

Glutamate

Question 37

The ______________ hypothesis regards alcohol as impairing both hemispheres of the brain more or less equally with all functions disrupted by alcohol to the same extent.

Answer 37

generalized/diffuse

Question 38

ALDH2*2 reduces or eliminates _________ function?

Answer 38

ALDH

Question 39

random assignment instead of self-assignment avoids what type of biases?

Answer 39

self-selection biases

Question 40

Researchers used the balanced placebo design to try to separate the pharmacological and psychological influences on sexual arousal. The results of alcohol expectancy differ for males (Wilson & Lawson, 1976; George & Marlatt, 1986) vs. females (Wilson & Lawson, 1978), such that males expecting alcohol showed ____________ penile tumescence and subjective arousal, and female expectancy ________________ vaginal arousal.

Answer 40

greater; did not affect

Question 41

The __________ model is a general model of addictive behaviors and is not limited to drugs which focuses on the affective reactions to strong stimuli.

Answer 41

opponent-process

Question 42

symptoms of wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Answer 42

amnesia, confabulation, ataxia

Question 43

cerebellum is important for...

Answer 43

motor coordination and balance

Question 44

two neuroadaptational models

Answer 44

opponent-process and incentive-sensitizatioin

Question 45

nicotine activates ______ receptors

Answer 45

cholinergic

Question 46

alcohol myopia

Answer 46

alcohol's effect to narrow the focus of attention

Question 47

Which brain area in the limbic system plays a key role in hunger, thirst, pain, and sexual activity?

Answer 47

hypothalamus

Question 48

Which brain area in the limbic system plays a key role in hunger, thirst, pain, and sexual activity?

Answer 48

right hemisphere

Question 49

What research design is used to assess the role of expectancy in the effects of consuming alcohol?

Answer 49

balanced placebo design

Question 50

What study found several candidate genes, including GABA, that may contribute to the development of alcohol and/or nicotine dependence?

Answer 50

COGA (collaborative studies on genetics of alcoholism)

Question 51

Association studies use ____________ to test whether having a certain allele increases the risk of having a disorder

Answer 51

groups of unrelated individuals

Question 52

In a normal brain neurons line up __________, while in an alcohol-exposed brain neurons line up ___________.

Answer 52

vertically; randomly

Question 53

Alcohol increases the chloride ion entry into neurons through the actions of ____________.

Answer 53

GABA

Question 54

Linkage studies use ____________ who have a disorder to find chromosomal regions that are co-inherited with the disorder.

Answer 54

large families with multiple individuals

Question 55

agonist function

Answer 55

facilitate neurotransmitter action

Question 56

antagonist function

Answer 56

reduce neurotransmitter action

Question 57

breakdown of ethanol

Answer 57

ethanol broken down by ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) into Acetaldehyde. Acealdehyde broken down into Water and Acetate by ALDH (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase). Brain lacks ADH so Cytochrome P450 and catalase takes ADHs place.

Question 58

what does alcohol do to GABA and glutamate

Answer 58

increase GABA release | decrease glutamate release

Question 59

GABA

Answer 59

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 60

glutamate

Answer 60

excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 61

alcohol poisoning

Answer 61

respiratory depression

Question 62

cocaine is a dopamine agonist. this means what....

Answer 62

cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake resulting in more dopamine in the synapse

Question 63

alcohol decreases neural funciton by doing what to neurotransmitters...

Answer 63

GABA is increased | glutamate is decreased

Question 64

FAS key notes

Answer 64

alcohol effects glial cells which help migrate neurons

Question 65

convergent evidence

Answer 65

sum of many studies