Exam 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Zygote
A
fertilized egg; conception- 2 weeks
2
Q
Embryo
A
2 weeks to 9 weeks
3
Q
Fetus
A
9 months to birth
4
Q
teratogen
A
harmful agents such as viruses or drugs
Ex. smoking
5
Q
epigenetic effect
A
leaves chemical marks on DNA turning genes on or off
Ex. alcohol
6
Q
Affects of alcohol during pregnancy
A
- epigenetic
- cerebellum + hippocampus
- depresses CNS
- increases chances of alcoholism
7
Q
Flinn affect
A
good prenatal nutrition produces positive outcomes
8
Q
William James
A
- Said that new borns are blank slates and are confused
- said everyone knows what attention is; taking possession of the mind
9
Q
habituation
A
form of learning that occurs when an organism shows a decrease in response to a stimulus after several repetitions (window into mental processes)
10
Q
maturation
A
a biologically programmed growth process; neural networks growing increasingly more complex
(experience, however, can adjust this)
11
Q
cognition
A
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication
12
Q
infantile amnesia
A
seldom remembering anything before the age of 3
13
Q
Jean Piaget
A
- focused on cognitive development
- said children minds develop in stages and the driving force is our desire to make sense of everything
- stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
14
Q
sensorimotor
A
-birth to 2 years
-experiencing world through senses and actions
-lack object permanence
developmental phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety
*karen wynn proved capable of primitive math
15
Q
preoperational
A
- 2 to 6/7
-representing things with words; intuitive rather than logical
-lack concept of conservation
developmental phenomena: pretend play and egocentrism
16
Q
concrete operational
A
-7-11 years
- develop conservation + mathematical transformations
-thinking logically about concrete events
developmental phenomena: conservation and mathematical transformations
17
Q
Formal operational
A
-12-adult
-able to do abstract thinking
Developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature reasoning
17
Q
Schema
A
Folders; mental model of something
17
Q
Assimilation
A
Placing in folders; the process of interpreting experiences in terms of our schemas
18
Q
Accommodation
A
New folders; process of adjusting schemas
19
Q
Harlows
A
- Studied attachments in monkeys
- 2 artificial mothers
- proved contact comfort
20
Q
Mary ainsworth
A
-Strange situation paradigm
-Parent left and then came back
60% secure
30% insecure
10% avoidant
21
Q
Lev vygotsky
A
- alternate view than Piaget
- age 7 children use words to solve problems
- emphasized on social interaction rather than physical
22
Q
Autism spectrum disorder
A
disorder in children marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction (impaired theory of mind) (repatative)
23
Eriksons
- focused on psychosocial development
- believed securely attached children approach life w trust
- two aspects of adulthood: intimacy and generativity
24
Authoritarian
Parents are coercive;Impose rules and expect obedience (too hard)
25
Permissive
Parents are unrestraining; don't care (too soft)
26
Authoritative
Parents are confrontive; demanding and responsive (just right)
27
Primary sex characteristics
Reproductive organs
28
Secondary sex characteristics
Breasts + voice
29
Lawerence Kohlberg
-focused on moral development(stages)
30
Preconventional morality
Obeying the rules because of punishment or rewards
31
Conventional morality
Following rules because of social approval
32
Postconventional morality
Judging actions based on ethical principles
33
Stanley hall
First psychologist to describe adolescence
34
Presbycusis
Sensitivity to high-pitched tones
35
Fluid intelligence
Tests of abstract reasoning where prior experience is of no benefit
36
Crystallized intelligence
Tests that tap our accumulated knowledge
37
Telomeres
Tips of chromosomes that ware
38
Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages and longitudinal studies people over time
39
Neurocognitive disorders
Disorders marked by cognitive deficits; Alzheimer's, brain injury, disease, and substance abuse
(formally called dementia)
40
Alzheimer's
Marked by a neural plaques; loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine
(Protein in synaptic gap)
41
Spontaneous states of consciousness
Daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming
42
Physiologically states of consciousness
Hallucinations, orgasms, food/oxygen starvation
43
Psychologically induced states of consciousness
Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation
44
Freud
- first to recognize dual processing
- argued much of our behavior is driven by unconscious drives
- A healthy adult is one who can love and work
- dreams are symbolic
45
Blind sight
Patients have no awareness to any stimuli, however, are able to process aspects of visual stimuli like location
(different paths for visual stimuli)
46
Arensiky
Discovered REM sleep
47
Circadian rhythm
Occurs on a 24 hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness( biological clock)
48
NREM1
Early light sleep, hallucinations, muscles active, alpha transforming to theta
49
NREM2
Sleep spindles, 45 to 55% of sleep, theta waves
50
NREM3
Night terrors and sleepwalking, slow delta waves, slowly disappears through night
51
REM
Brainstem blocks messages, most dreams happen, 20 to 25% sleep for adults, 80% sleep for newborns, fast beta wave
52
Why do we sleep?
Protection, recuperation, consolidation of memories, it plays a role in growth, and feeds creative thinking
53
The effects of sleep loss
Impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, greater vulnerability, and death
54
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
In hypothalamus; triggered by proteins that control circadian clock; decrease melatonin from pineal gland in morning
55
Dream theories
Wish fulfillment – we express unacceptable feelings
Information processing – filing away memories
Physiological function – establishing new neural pathways
Activation synthesis – just trying to make sense of everything
56
sensation
the stimulation of sensory organs by physical energy from external world; energy turns into neural signals
(bottom-up)
57
perception
our interpretation of what we sense based on experience, expectations, + surroundings
(top-down)
58
prosopagnosia
able to recognize the specific layout + characteristics of a face, but not all together
59
transduction
transforming of a stimulus into neural processes
60
psychophysics
the study of the relationship b/w physical characteristics of stimuli and our experiences of them
61
signal detection
across a number of trials, stimuli of diff intensities are presented
62
perceptual set
a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects what we percieve; top-down (animals to rat thing)
63
priming
the activation of certain stimuli
64
difference threshold
minimum difference b/w 2 stimuli (just noticeable)
65
weber's law
to be perceive as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percent
66
sensory adaption
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation; allows us to focus on informative changes
67
vision wavelength
determines hue/color
68
vision intensity
determines brightness
69
the eye process
- light enters cornea
- passes through pupil
- pupil dilates/constricts according to intensity
- accommodation changes curve
- lense focuses light on retina
70
pupil
small adjustable opening
71
iris
colored muscle
72
fovea
central point of focus
73
retina
light-sensitive inner surface of eye (cones+rods)
74
cones
center, hotline, more precise, color and detail
75
rods
peripheral, black and white, dim light
76
retinal processing
cones and rods to bipolar cells to ganglion cells
77
feature detection
occipital lobe; respond selectively to certain things
78
overall vision
- retinal processing
- feature detection
- parallel processing
- recognition(perception)
79
david huble and torsten wiesle
noble prize; discovered feature detectors
| ex. electrodes on cat brains
80
fusiform face area
region that responds to faces
81
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
we have cones specialized for three colors: red, green, and blue
82
opponent processing theory
opposing retinal process that enable specific colors
83
hearing
- funnles into ear canal
- bones in auditory canal (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
- vibrations to cochlea
- pressure changes in cochlear fluid
- basilar membrane ripples
- bends hair cells
84
loudness
waves amplitude and number of hairs activated
85
pitch
wave frequency, number of hairs, and frequency of neural cells
86
sensorimotor hearing loss
most common; caused by damage to the cochlea receptor cells or to auditory nerves
87
conduction hearing loss
less common; caused by mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
88
place theory
links pitch with the place where cochleas membrane is stimulated(how we hear high pitched but not low)
89
Frequency theory
Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone sensing pitch (temporal)
Problem: neurons can't fire that quick
90
Dislocation
A split in consciousness
91
Sensations
Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
92
kinesthetic sense
Sense of position and movement of body parts
| Ex. Tendons joints and muscles
93
Vestibular sense
Position and movement of head(inner ear)
94
Mccgurk affect
Seeing and hearing different things so they blend
95
Embodied cognition
Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other stuff on cognitive preferences and judgments
96
Synesthesia
One sensation involuntary produces another
97
Extrasensory perception
Perception can occur apart from our sensory input
| Ex. Telepath he, clairvoyance, and precognition
98
Parapsychology
Study of paranormal phenomena
99
Descartes
- first to theorize body is a machine
| - pain travels through neural pathways
100
Pains influences
Biological influences: sensory receptors (nociceptors)
Psychological influences: Mental state influences pain
Socio-cultural influences: perceive more pain when others influence it
101
Classical/Associative conditioning
Learning by linking events
102
Operant learning
Learning it by punishment or reward
103
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that elicits no response
104
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that elicits automatic response
105
Unconditioned/natural response
The automatic response to a stimulus
106
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus
107
Learning
A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
108
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism, noble prize, meet powder and Bell experiment ; associative learning
Showed learning can be studied objectively
109
Watson
12 infants quote; behaviorism and environment
110
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning; neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus
111
Extinction
The weakend response from the conditioned stimulus no longer signaling unconditioned stimulus
112
Generalization
The tendency with the conditioned response for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
113
John Garcia
Discovered that organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help adapt and survive
114
B.F. Skinner
- Created operant chamber or Skinner box
| - external influences on behavior
115
Thorndike's law of effect
Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome is likely to happen again
116
Behaviorism
- Believe psych should be an objective science
| - Studies behavior without mental processes
117
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive
118
Positive reinforcement
Adding a rewarding stimulus
119
Negative reinforcement
Removing an aversive stimulus
120
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus like food and water
121
Conditioned reinforcer
Stimulus that games power from primary reinforcer like money
122
Positive punishment
Administration of an aversive stimulus
123
Negative punishment
Removing a desirable stimulus
124
Biological constraints
Predisposed organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
125
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform better behavior for your own sake
126
Extrinsic motivation
Behaving a way to avoid it being punished
