Exam 2

Question 1

Virus survival strategies

Answer 1

1. Finding and getting into host cell
2. Making virus protein
3. Making viral genomes
4. Forming progeny virions
5. Spread within and between hosts
6. Overcoming host defences

Question 2

Typical infectious cycle

Answer 2

1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Transcription/Translation
5. Genome replication
6. Assembly
7. Release

Question 3

Animal- like protozoans

Answer 3

Unicellular heterotrophs

Four groups based on movement (cilia, flagella, pseudopods, others)

Question 4

Protozoans with pseudopods

Answer 4

False feet
Surround and trap food forming a food vacuole
No definite shape
Ex amoeba

Question 5

Protozoans with cilia

Answer 5

Hairlike structures that help organisms move, get food and sense the environment
Multicellular with 2 nuclei
Reproduce by mitosis or conjugation

Question 6

Protozoans with flagella

Answer 6

Called zooflagellates
Use flagella to move (whip like)
Usually live inside other organisms

Question 7

Other protozoans

Answer 7

Called sporozoans- parasites
Feed on cells and body fluids of hosts
(Plasmodium) causes malaria (have more than one host)

Question 8

Fungus like protist

Answer 8

Heterotrophs 
Cell walls 
Spores
Can move at one point in their life
Molds

Question 9

Plant like Protists

Answer 9

Algae autotrophs
Unicellular to very large size 
Different pigments 
Euglena- no sunlight causes it to become heterotrophic 
Chlorophyll

Question 10

Reproduction in fungi

Answer 10

Spores in wet moist conditions

Years are unicellular and reproduce by budding (cell grows and breaks off from mother)

Question 11

Sterilization

Answer 11

Removing or killing all microorganisms and viruses

Ex. Dry heat, autoclaving, gas, chemicals, radiation

Question 12

Sanitation

Answer 12

Reduction of microbial populations

Question 13

Disinfection

Answer 13

Reduces the number of potential disease causing bacteria and viruses until they don’t present a hazard
Pasteurization: method of disinfecting liquids by beating them to a specific temp but it doesn’t totally destroy pathogens

Question 14

Decontamination

Answer 14

Inactivation or removal of both microbial toxins and living microbial pathogens

Question 15

Antiseptic

Answer 15

Solutions used to disinfect skin and other living tissues (Joseph lister)

Question 16

Sepsis

Answer 16

Presence of pathogens in blood or tissues

Question 17

Asepsis

Answer 17

Absence of pathogens

Question 18

Antisepsis

Answer 18

Prevention of infection

Question 19

Methods of controlling microbial growth

Answer 19

Heat, combination of heat and pressure, desiccation, radiation, sonicdisruption, filtration

Question 20

Thermal death point

Answer 20

Lowest temp that will kill all organisms within a specific period

Question 21

Thermal death time

Answer 21

Length of time necessary to sterilize a pure culture at a specified temp

Question 22

Autoclaving

Answer 22

Large metal pressure cooker that uses steam under pressure to completely destroy all microorganisms

Question 23

Desiccation

Answer 23

Process of drying materials

Question 24

Radiation

Answer 24

Ultraviolet light sometimes used to prevent or decrease microbial growth along with x rays and gamma rays

Question 25

Filtration

Answer 25

Paper masks

Question 26

Physical barriers of innate immunity

Answer 26

Skin and mucosal membranes

Question 27

How does the microbiota protect

Answer 27

``` Provide vitamins Helps digest food Antibacterial proteins Compete for space and nutrients Keep us healthy Stimulate immune system ```

Question 28

PAMPs

Answer 28

(Pathogen associated molecular patterns) Microbial motifs Sugars, lipid conjugates, proteins, nucleic acids Essential components On antigen

Question 29

PRRs

Answer 29

``` (Pattern recognition receptors) Host molecules that recognize PAMPs Can be soluble Membrane bound receptors On B cell ```

Question 30

Endocytosis

Answer 30

Active process by which a cell engulfs material from the exterior 1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis

Question 31

Opsonins

Answer 31

Host soluble molecules that bind to antigen PAMPs marking them for removal or destruction

Question 32

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 32

B cells mature in bone marrow T cells mature in thymus Once mature, they leave to secondary lymphoid organs

Question 33

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 33

Sites where lymphocytes gather to encounter antigens (Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix) Organs specifically situated allows for immune response from any place in the body

Question 34

Neutrilization

Answer 34

Prevents toxins from interacting with cell

Question 35

Immobilization and prevention of adherence

Answer 35

Antibody bonding to cellular structures to interfere with function

Question 36

Agglutination and precipitation

Answer 36

Clumping of bacterial cells by specific antibody

Question 37

IgM

Answer 37

``` First to respond to infection 5-13% circulation Pentameter Can be formed by fetus Found in surface of B lymphs as a monomer ```

Question 38

IgG

Answer 38

Dominant antibody in circulation (80-85%) Monomer Can cross placenta MEMORY ANTIBODY

Question 39

IgA

Answer 39

Found in secretions 10-13% circulation Monomer in serum Dimer in secretions

Question 40

IgD

Answer 40

>1% circulation Monomer Maturation of antibody response

Question 41

IgE

Answer 41

Barely detectable in circulation Monomer Active in allergic reaction

Question 42

Autoimmune disease

Answer 42

Acute diseases that result from the immune system attacking self tissues due to lack of self tolerance

Question 43

Organ specific

Answer 43

Host antibodies or immune cells damage self cells and the affected tissues are destroyed and substituted by connective tissue Result---> the function of the organ is impaired

Question 44

Systemic autoimmune disease

Answer 44

Multiple organs are affected and cause widespread damage

Question 45

Factors that induce autoimmunity

Answer 45

Environmental: Diet differences can lead to gut microflora differences Different geographic areas may have endemic diseases Infection Stress