Exam 2 Flashcards
__% of all children in the US live in families below the poverty line, __% of children in the US live in families below the inflated poverty line.
21% of all children in the US live in families below the poverty line; 44% % of children in the US live in families below the inflated poverty line.
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) estimated ___ million reports of abuse involving about __ million children
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) estimated 3.3 million reports of abuse involving about 6 million children
Almost ________ of the 6 million children NCANDS investigate were considered to be legitimately abused
900,000
List the CPS categories
substantiated indicated alternative response victim alternative response nonvictim, unsubstantiated intentionally false closed with no finding, no alleged maltreatment other unknown
What is the most common type of child abuse?
Neglect at 78.3%
Physical abuse constitutes __% of child abuse, sexual abuse constitutes __%.
physical abuse 17.6%
sexual abuse 9.2%
About __% of abused and neglected childrenwill later abuse their own children,continuing the horrible cycle of abuse.
About 30% of abused and neglected childrenwill later abuse their own children,continuing the horrible cycle of abuse.
About __% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria forat least one psychological disorder.
About 80% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria forat least one psychological disorder.
__% of all men in prisonin the USA were abused as children, __% for women.
14% of all men in prisonin the USA were abused as children; 36% for women.
What countries have not signed the human rights treaty of 1990?
Somalia, South Sudan, and the United States
By high school, nearly __% percent of children are physically disciplined, __% report being hit by a belt or similar object
By high school, nearly 85 percent of children are physically disciplined ; 51% report being hit by a belt or similar object
What did the Convention on the Rights of the Child achieve?
The human rights treaty with 193 signatures; offers basic rights to children, freedom of association, freedom from violence, right to health care, right to primary education, protection from child labor, drugs, war and sexual exploitation.
In states that allow CP, less than __ percent of all students are physically disciplined, with _________ having the highest rate of 9.1.
In states that allow CP, less than 1 percent of all students are physically disciplined; with Mississippi having the highest rate of 9.1%
T/F: There is substantial research evidence that physical punishment makes it more, not less, likely that children will be defiant and aggressive in the future.
True
List a few consequences of corporal punishment.
Harms relationship with parent and caregiver Decreases self-esteem Teaches that violence is the answer More likely to be violent and aggressive Higher risk of mental health problems Serious injury Increases anxiety and fear
Explain the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor.
Felony: serious offenses, including murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault; punishable by more than one year in prison or death
Misdemeanor: minor offenses, such as traffic violations; punishable by a fine or less than a year in jail
_______ law enforcement agencies supply data to the UCR.
17,000
What is the difference between index and non-index crimes? Give examples.
Index crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, car theft, arson, larceny ($50+)
Non-index crimes: all crimes not included in index crimes except traffic violations.
What did NIBRS add to the UCR?
detailed offender and victim information.
__% of US population are in a state that provides NIBRS information
29% of US population are in a state that provides NIBRS information
It is estimated that only __% to ___% of crimes are known to the police
3% to 4%
What is the NCVS?
National crime victimization survey, based on victimization surveys of 77,200 households conducted twice a year
NCVS only covers _ out of the 8 UCR index crimes.
Only covers 6 of the 8 URC index crimes (not arson or murder)
Only __% of all violent crimes involve minors under 18, Majority of juvenile offenders are male (71% as of 2003)Black youth are overrepresented in juvenile arrests
Only 15% of all violent crimes involve minors under 18, Majority of juvenile offenders are male (71% as of 2003) Black youth are overrepresented in juvenile arrests
What is white collar crime?
illegal acts characterized by deceit, concealment or violations of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence
FBI estimates “street crime” costs the nation $___ billion a year.
FBI estimates “street crime” costs the nation $3.8 billion a year.
__% of African American males will enter prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% Hispanic males and 4.4% White male
28% of African American males will enter prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% Hispanic males and 4.4% White males
Compare lifetime chances of landing in prison for men and women. Also compare blacks to hispanics and whites.
Men: 9%
Women: 1.1%
Blacks: 16.2%
Hispanics: 9.4%
Whites: 2.5%
Compare vehicle stops by race.
African American (9.5%) and Hispanic (8.8%) motorists were more likely to be searched during traffic stops than White motorists (3.6%)
African Americans account for _ of 10 contacts with police, _ of 4 which involved force.
African Americans account for 1 of 10 contacts with police, 1 of 4 of which involved the use of police force
Which groups have higher victimization rates?
victimization rates are higher for the poor, the young, males, African Americans, single people and renters.
What is community policing?
Community policing is an effort to increase the interaction between officers and citizens, including the use of foot patrols, community substations and neighborhood watches.
T/F: By 2000, 2/3 of all local police departments and 62% of sheriff’s offices had full time sworn personal engaged in community policing
True
T/F: America is on the list of the world’s top 10 countries with highest incarceration rates.
True, 1st place with 753 per 100,000, followed by Russia and Rwanda
Crime rates are ________, prison rates are ________.
Crime rates are decreasing, prison rates are increasing.
Why have prison inmate populations increased over the past 30 years?
Mandatory sentencing for non-violent drug offenders.
What is the average cost per year of a state and federal prison inmate?
Average cost of one state prison inmate = $22,650 (2001), federal prison inmate = $22,632 (2001)
Each U.S. resident paid about $___ for state prison costs
Each U.S. resident paid about $104 for state prison costs
Give a rundown of the recidivism rates.
re-arrested within 3 years?
re-convicted for a new crime?
back in prison for a new sentence / technical violation?
- 300,000 prisoners released in 1993
- 67.5% were re-arrested within 3 years
- 46.9% were re-convicted for a new crime
- 51.8% were back in prison for a new sentence or for a technical violation of their release
