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PSYCH 3330 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

memory code

A

the format (physical, phonemic, semantic) of information encoded into memory

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2
Q

orienting task

A

instructions to focus on a particular aspect (physical, phonemic, semantic) of a stimulus

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3
Q

levels of processing (LoP)

A

a theory that proposes the “deeper” (semantic) levels of processing enhance memory

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4
Q

maintenance rehersal

A

rehearsal that keeps information active in STM

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5
Q

incidental learning task

A

a task that requires people to make judgments about stimuli without knowing that they will later be tested on their recall of stimuli

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6
Q

primary associates

A

words that are strongly associated with each other, as typically measured by asking people to provide associations to words (semantic associations)

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7
Q

clustering

A

percentage of occasions in which a word is followed by its primary associate during the free recall of words

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8
Q

structural coding

A

a memory code that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

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9
Q

phonemic coding

A

a memory code that emphasizes the pronunciation of the stimulus

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10
Q

semantic coding

A

a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

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11
Q

noncued recall

A

recall that occurs without hints or cues provided by the experimenter

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12
Q

cued recall

A

recall that occurs with hints or cues, such as providing the questions asked during the judgment phase of a task

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13
Q

imprecise elaboration

A

provision or generation of additional material unrelated to remembered material

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14
Q

precise elaboration

A

provision or generation of additional material closely related to remembered material

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15
Q

distinctive item

A

an item different in apperance or meaning from other items

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16
Q

primary distinctiveness

A

an item distinct from other items in the immediate context

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17
Q

secondary distinctiveness

A

an item distinct from items stored in LTM

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18
Q

orthographic distinctiveness

A

lowercase words that have an unusual shape

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19
Q

emotional distinctivness

A

items that produce an intense emotional reaction

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20
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a memory of an important event caused an emotional reaction

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21
Q

processing distinctivness

A

creation of a memory code that makes that memory distinct from other memories

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22
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

a theory that states that the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to the initial encoding of an item

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23
Q

mood-dependent memory

A

memory that is improved when people are tested under conditions that recreate their mood when they learned the material

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24
Q

transfer-appropriate processing (TAPs)

A

encoding material in a manner related to how the material will be used later

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25
Q

problem-oriented acquisition

A

encoding material in a manner that is helpful for its later use in solving problems

26
Q

fact-oriented acquisition

A

encoding material in a manner that emphasizes factual knowledge without emphasizing its application

27
Q

verbal knowledge

A

knowledge expressed in language

28
Q

spatial knowledge

A

knowledge of spatial relations that may be stored as images

29
Q

concrete-abstract dimension

A

extent to which a concept can be represented by a picture

30
Q

imagery potential

A

ease with which a concept can be imaged

31
Q

association value

A

the number of verbal associations generated for a concept

32
Q

dual-coding theory

A

a theory that memory is improved when items can be represented by both verbal and visual memory codes

33
Q

keyword

A

a concrete word that sounds like an abstract word so that it can be substituted for the abstract word in an interactive image

34
Q

keyword method

A

a mnemonic strategy using keywords to improve paired-associates learning

35
Q

propositional theory

A

a theory that all knowledge, including spatial knowledge, can be expressed in semantic-based porpositions

36
Q

visual scanning

A

a shift of attention across a visual display or image

37
Q

parallel representation

A

representation of knowledge in which more than one item at a time can be processed

38
Q

sequential representation

A

representation of knowledge in which only one item at a time can be processed

39
Q

hierarchial model

A

a model organized in which larger categories are partitioned into smaller categories

40
Q

typicality

A

a measure of how well a category member represents that category

41
Q

superordinate category

A

a large category at the top of a hierarchy, such as furniture, tools, and vehicles

42
Q

basic-level category

A

an intermediate category in the middle of a hierarchy, such as table, saw, and truck

43
Q

subordinate category

A

a small category at the bottom of a hierarchy, such as lamp table, jigsaw, and pick up truck

44
Q

prototype

A

an item that typifies the members in a category and is used to represent the category

45
Q

exemplar model

A

a model that proposes that patterns are categorized by comparing their similarity to category examples

46
Q

semantic network

A

a theory proposing that semantic information is organized in LTM by linking concepts to related concepts

47
Q

spreading activation

A

a theoretical construct proposing that activation spreads from a concept in a semantic network to activate related concepts

48
Q

nodes

A

the format for representing concepts in a semantic network

49
Q

links

A

the format for representing relations in a semantic network

50
Q

feature comparison model

A

a model proposing that items are categorized by matching the item’s features to category features

51
Q

hierarchical network model

A

a model proposing that items are categorized by using the hierarchical relations specified in a semantic network

52
Q

typicality effect

A

the finding that the more typical members of a category are classified more quickly than the less typical category members

53
Q

defining feature

A

a feature that is necessary to be a member of that category

54
Q

characteristic feature

A

a feature that is usually present in members of that category, but is not necessary

55
Q

category-size effect

A

the finding that members of smaller categories are classified more quickly than members of larger categories

56
Q

spreading activation model

A

a model that accounts for response times by formulating assumptions about how activation spreads in a semantic network

57
Q

schema

A

a general knowledge structure that provides a framework for organizing clusters of knowledge

58
Q

default knowledge

A

knowledge about the most likely values for the attributes of a schema

59
Q

script

A

knowledge about what occurs during routine activities

60
Q

amodal

A

knowledge that is abstracted from sensory experiences

61
Q

modal

A

knowledge is represented as sensory experiences

62
Q

autobiographical memory

A

memory about our personal experiences

PSYCH 3330 (3 decks)

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