Exam 2 Flashcards
(385 cards)
1
Q
what is biomass
A
mass of living tissue of organism in a given area (g/m^2)
2
Q
what is productivity
A
rate at which biomass accumulates (g/m^2/y)
3
Q
what is secondary production
A
total elaboration of new body tissue in a group of animals during a period of time
4
Q
what is the difference between primary and secondary productivity
A
primary is plants and algae, secondary is animals
5
Q
describe the process of secondary production
A
food to ingestion to assimilation to growth or tissue development
6
Q
what happens if energy is not assimilated
A
goes towards respiration or secretion
7
Q
why is the cohort method used instead of secondary production in streams
A
secondary production is not realistic enough
8
Q
what is the site frequency method
A
sample whole community with number of individuals in different size classes
9
Q
what is a cohort
A
group of individuals born at the same time
10
Q
when is the site frequency method used
A
for voltanism
11
Q
how do you calculate turnover time
A
productivity/biomass
12
Q
what is turnover
A
number of times biomass replaces itself in a given period of time
13
Q
what is the average productivity
A
less than 20g/m^2/year
14
Q
what is allens paradox
A
productivity of fish is higher than productivity of macroinverts (violates thermodynamics)
15
Q
what does AFDM stand for
A
ash free dry mass
16
Q
what are the 4 methods of fish sampling
A
poisons and anaesthetics, nets, trapping and maze gear, electrofishing
17
Q
what are 4 poisons/anaesthetics that can be used for fish sampling
A
rotenone, MS-222, CO2, clove oil
18
Q
why is rotenone good to use for fish sampling
A
not toxic to mammals
19
Q
how does rotenone work
A
vasoconstrictor
20
Q
why is it bad to use rotenone
A
kills fish and macroinverts
21
Q
why is MS-222 used as a poison for fish
A
same concept as rotenone where it kills fish
22
Q
why would you use CO2 in fish sampling
A
sedates fish not killing them (commonly used in hatcheries)
23
Q
why would you use clove oil in fish sampling
A
can be used to sedate fish leaving them alive
24
Q
what are the two major types of nets used in fish sampling
A
entanglement or empoundment
25
how do entangement nets work
fish get stuck in the net, then retrieved
26
whats another name for an entanglement net
gill net
27
how do empoundment nets work
surround fish then pull them in to shore
28
whats another name for an empoundment net
sein
29
what are the two types of empoundment nets that we talked about
beach sein or haul sein
30
what is the square size of a net
size of the opening for the fish
31
what is the stretch size of a net
length of the opening when stretched
32
what is a trammel net
entangement net with layers of mesh to reduce selectivity
33
what is a beach sein
empoundment net used near shore, trap fish then drag to shore
34
what is a haul sein
empoundment net used in shallow bodies of water with smooth bottoms
35
how do trapping and maze gear work for fish sampling
fish are directed into a net and unable to get out
36
how does electrofishing work for fish sampling
electric current to attract and stun fish
37
what is voltage
size of the electric field
38
what are amps
strength of the electric field
39
what is DC
direct current, electrons to positive
40
what is AC
alternating current, electrons moving between positive and negative
41
is DC or AC more damaging to fish
AC is more damaging than DC
42
what is a cathode
negative electrode
43
what is an anode
positive electrode
44
what kind of wave is AC like
cyclic like a sine wave
45
what is pulsed DC
current all in one direction or zero (square wave)
46
what is duty cycle
% of time current is on during a cycle
47
why is electrofishing frowned upon
fish can be injured due to mechanical tissue damage
48
what are the responses for fish to electrofishing
(far to near) fright, electrotaxis, narcosis, pseudoforced swimming, tetany
49
what happens to fish in low AC
fish lines up permendicular to flux line
50
what happens to fish in high AC
muscle contraction and tetany
51
what happens to fish in low DC
fish moves toward anode
52
what happens to fish in high DC
narcosis
53
what is narcosis
muscle relaxation and loss of equilibrium
54
what are common injuries to fish from electrofishing
hemorrhages or bruising of soft tissue
55
is pulsed DC more likely to hurt fish, or continuous DC
pulsed DC is more harmful to fish
56
what is the most common type of electrofishing
pulsed DC
57
what is the duty cycle for pulsed DC
25-50%
58
what is the frequency of pulsed DC
50-60Hz
59
what is the casing on the electrode called and whats it made of
Booms are often retractable and made of wood or fiberglass
60
all metal in electrofishing must be attached to what and why
the hull to avoid shocking
61
what are the electrode designs
round, clyinder, or wisconsin ring
62
what is the basic set up of a backpack shocking unit
pack frame, ring anode on fiberglass pole, on/off switch, cathode tail trailing behind
63
what three factors can affect efficiency of electrofishing
biological (species), environmental (day vs night), technical (AC vs DC)
64
how does biological factors change efficiency of electrofishing
larger fish are more susceptible to electrofishing because bigger overall voltage drop from head to tail
65
what are the two common methods of estimating population size for fish
catch per unit effort, mark/recapture methods
66
why does catch per unit effort work for estimating population size of fish
if same effort put in,. number of fish caught will decrease and with graphing it you can get a guess of total population size
67
what are the axis of catch per unit effort
x=sample size
| y=cumulative catch
68
how does mark/recapture methods work for estimating fish population size
catch fish, mark, relase, recapture, graph number markd versus number not marked
69
what is the method name for degrees of freedom in mark/recapture
lincoln peterson method
70
what are the 4 assumptions of the mark/recapture method
marks are permanent, marked fish are not affected by the mark, marked individuals mix randomly in population, population is closed with no birth death or migration
71
how do you preserve fish
fix in formalin then switch to 70% alcohol or 45% isopropanol
72
how do you preserve large fish
open gut to allow preservatives to go through full fish
73
when is the term fish used in plural
abundant numbers of fish (many fish in ocean)
74
when is the term fishes used
number of species (fishes of pennsylvania)
75
what are the most primitive vertebrates
fish
76
what percentage of fish are freshwater
41%
77
what is the total length of a fish
snout to end of tail
78
what is standard length of fish
snout to peduncle
79
what is the fork length of fish
snout to forked center of tail
80
what is the main type of fish we are looking at
teleost fish
81
what is the tail morphology of teleost fish
symmetrical tail
82
what are some features that make teleost fish so successful
flexible lips, expandable throat, swim bladder, large eyes
83
what type of rays do fish with adipose fins posses
soft rayed fish often have adipose fins
84
what are the 9 types of fish body shape
rover, surface, lie in wait, bottom rover, bottom clinger, bottom hider, flatfish, deep bodied, eel-like
85
what do rover predator fish look like
streamline, pointed head, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, fast swimmer, large eyes, mouth not subterminal
86
what are some examples of rover predator fish
swordfish, trout, salmon, minnows
87
what do surface oriented fish look like
small, upward pointing mouth, flat head, large eyes
88
what are some examples of surface oriented fish
mosquito fish, guppies, killifish
89
what do lie in wait predatory fish look like
torpedo shaped body, piciverous, flat head, lots of teeth
90
what is an example of a lie in wait predatory fish
pike
91
what are the four kinds of bottom fish
bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfish
92
what do bottom rover fish look like
strongly flattened dorsoventrally, subterminal mouth, small eyes, many have barbels, fleshy lips
93
what is an example of a bottom rover fish
catfish
94
what do bottom clingers look like
large pelvic fins, large flat heads, large pectoral fins
95
what is an example of a bottom clinger fish
sculpins
96
what do bottom hiders look like
large pectoral fins, small fish, hide under rocks, small heads, elongate bodies
97
whats an example of a bottom hider
blenny
98
what do flatfish look like
flat with two eyes on one side of body
99
whats an example of a flatfish
flounders
100
what do deep bodied fish look like
flattened laterally, body depth greater than 1/3 body length, fine maneuvering skills, slow moving, large eyes, small mouth
101
whats an example of a deep bodied fish
sunfish
102
what do eel like fish look like
long narrow body, blunt head, embedded scales or lacking scales, smooth and slippery
103
whats an example of an eel like fish
moray eel
104
what are the four types of scales
ganoid, ctenoid, cycloid, placoid
105
what type of scales are ctenoid and cycloid
elasmoid scales or bony ridge scales
106
what kinds of fish have ganoid scales
gars, bowfin, paddlefish
107
what kind of fish have cycloid scales
soft rayed fishes (trout, eel, minnow)
108
what kind of fish have ctenoid scales
spiny rayed fishes (perch, sunfish)
109
what kind of fish have placoid scales
sharks
110
what is the most primitive type of scale
placoid
111
how can you age a fish using its scales
by counting the annual rings (annuli)
112
what are placoid scales analogous to
teeth (have dentin, pulp, and enamel)
113
what is unique about ganoid scales
theyre not embedded in tissue, theyre sitting on tissue surface
114
when would you want fewer large scales
for high protection
115
when would you want lots of small scales
when living in fast water
116
what are the 7 types of colouration we talked about
cryptic, silvery, counter shading, disruptive, eye ornamentation, poster, red
117
what is cryptic colouration
fish tries to match the background (ex. camo)
118
what kinds of fishes use cryptic colouration
benthic fishes
119
what is silvery colouration
scales are a silver colour or they are mirror like
120
what is counter shading colouration
dark on back and white on belly, when you look down harder to see fish then when you look up harder to see fish
121
whats an example of a fish that uses counter shading
sharks
122
what is disruptive colouration
use bars or bands to break up the colouration
123
why would disruptive colouration be helpful for a fish
helps blend into macrophyte beds
124
what is eye ornamentation colouration
black bar through the eyes and an eyespot by the tail
125
why is eye ornamentation colouration useful for a fish
better to have tail bitten than head
126
what is red colouration
its hard to see red underwater so you can only see red fish if theyre close up
127
what are the little bumps sometimes seen on the head of creek chubs
breeding tubercles (indication for breeding)
128
what kind of vision do fish generally have
monocular vision since eyes on side of head
129
where are the blind spots on fish
directly in front and almost directly behind them
130
where do fish have binocular vision
directly in front of them
131
what essentially is the sense of smell and taste for fish
chemical cue detection
132
where are taste buds found on fish
tongue and barbels if they have them
133
how do fish hear
with their lateral line organ (inner ear) or with their gas bladder
134
how much faster do sound waves move in water versus air
sound waves move 3x faster in water than in air
135
what are sound waves
compression waves
136
what helps with hearing in fish
otolith (earstone)
137
how does the otolith help with hearing
otolith vibrates with soundwaves
138
how can an otolith be used to age a fish
otolith gets growth rings
139
what is the anatomical name for the lateral line
acoustico lateralis
140
what does the lateral line of fish do
detects turbulence or pressure waves in water
141
what things are possible for fish because of their lateral line
swimming in the dark, schooling behaviour, orientation
142
how can the lateral line detect pressure differences
neuromast movement. cupula of the neuromast bends and sends signals to brain
143
what is morphologically different about the neuromasts of fish in fast versus slow moving water
in fast moving water, neuromast is more embedded, in quiet water the neuromast is more exposed
144
why is the fish mouth considered complicated
because it pumps water from the mouth through the gills
145
what are the three parts to fish gills
gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments
146
where are teeth found in fish
where you would expect by the lips and can also have throat teeth (pharyngeal teeth) that look like human molars and are creepy AF
147
what does the length of the digestive tract depend on
the diet (carnivores have short digestive tracts, herbivores have long digestive tracts)
148
how many chambers do fish hearts have
4
149
how do fish get DO
most fish rely entirely on gills for DO
150
fish in high O2 have ___ affinity hemoglobin
low
151
what kind of flow does fish blood have with water
countercurrent
152
where is DO taken in on the gills of fish
on the gill lamellae
153
what fish organ can detect electrical fields
lateral line (only in some fish)
154
what sense is the forebrain used for
smell
155
what sense is the mid brain used for
vision and learning
156
what sense if the hind brain used for
coordination
157
what comprises the nervous system
brain and spinal cord
158
why is the fish skeleton complex
many bones
159
how many bones can be found in the fish head
40-60
160
why is the spine of fish not very dense
because of its buoyancy need in water
161
what are the two types of bones in a fish
skeletal and appendicular
162
how much of a fishes mass is muscle
70%
163
what are the biggest muscles in a fish
trunk muscles
164
what is the banding arrangement of fish trunk muscles
myotomes or myomeres (zig zag shaped)
165
what kind of undulation do fish have while swimming
s shaped or a sine wave
166
what are some other modes of movement for fish besides undulation
many can rely on pectoral fins or tail fins for movement
167
what is a startle response
fish moves in a c shape not s shape because of a stimulus. all muscles on one side of body contract and can have a fast thrust forward
168
what is the point of the muscle arrangement (myomeres)
allows fish to move in any direction
169
does red or white muscle have faster ATPase rate
white is faster
170
does red or white muscle have faster calcium ion cycling
white is faster
171
does red or white muscle have more mitochondria
red has more
172
does red or white muscle have more capillaries
red has more
173
does red or white muscle have more aerobic enzymes
red has more
174
does red or white muscle have more anaerobic enzymes
white has more
175
does red or white muscle have more myoglobin
red has more
176
does red or white muscle have more glycogen
white has more
177
does red or white muscle have a higher resistance to fatigue
red has less fatigue
178
what is the primary function of red muscle
endurance
179
what is the primary function of white muscle
bursts
180
what are the two types of fertilization
internal or external
181
what modification to males is necessary for internal fertilization
pelvic claspers
182
what kind of fertilization often has live births
internal fertilization
183
what kind of fertilization is most common among fish
external fertilization
184
what are the 4 types of external fertilization
scatterers, brood hiders, guarders, mouth brooders
185
what is a scatterer fish
embryos have no parental care
186
what is an example of a scatterer fish
suckers and minnows
187
what is a brood hider fish
no parental care but embryos are hidden
188
what is an example of a brood hider fish
salmon
189
what is a guarder fish
parental care that is mostly male and gets territorial
190
what is an example of a guarder fish
bluegill, sunfish, sculpins, catfish
191
what is a mouth brooder fish
carry fertilizaed eggs in mouth
192
what is an example of a mouth brooding fish
seahorses
193
which of the external fertilization types gets heavily into sexual selection
guarder fish
194
what is a salmon nest called
a redd
195
what nitrogenous waste do fish have
ammonia
196
what is the function of a swim bladder
in part hearing, mostly for buoyancy
197
what are the two types of swim bladders
physotomous and physoclist
198
what is a physotomous swim bladder
gulping air connected to stomach
199
what are some fish with a physotomous swim bladder
trout, salmon, pike, herrings
200
what are some fish with a physoclist swim bladder
sunfish
201
what is a physoclist swim bladder
dissolved gas from the blood into bladder with no connection to stomach
202
what prevents gas from coming out of physoclist swim bladder
counter current
203
what are the ways to maintain buoyancy
swim bladder, low density oils, fins generating lift
204
what is the tail shape of most freshwater fish
homocercal
205
when fish use anaerobic what is produced
lactic acid
206
what is the function of lactic acid in fish
lowers pH and Hb unloads O2 more easily (root and bohr effect)
207
what is salting out
increase solute concentration making gasses less soluble (N and O)
208
what is the function of the oval window
removes gas from swim bladder (physoclist)
209
how many times has the physoclist swim bladder evolved independently
4 separate times
210
what are chromatophores
pigment containing or light refracting cells
211
what are the 4 types of communication in fish
visual, sound, chemical, electrical
212
how does visual communication work
colour patterns or colour displays
213
what are the types of colour in fish
physical colour (irridaphores), or pigments (chromatophores)
214
how do irridaphores show colour
though the refraction of light off scales
215
how do chromatophores show colour
can change abundance of colour making them appear dark or light
216
what kinds of sounds can be used for communication
rubbing of bones and vibration of swim bladder
217
what kinds of chemical signals can be used for communication
pheromones for mating or fear scents
218
how can electrical signals be used for communication
lateral line can detect electrical fields in some fish
219
what are the 4 behaviours in fish
aggression, feeding, resting, schooling
220
how can aggression be shown
modified swimming, gill flares, colour pattern changes
221
what theory comes into play on feeding behaviour
optimal foraging theory
222
what is the optimal foraging theory
with less food, less picky. with more food more picky
223
what is resting behaviour
neutral buoyancy
224
what is schooling behaviour
in groups equally distant from each other to reduce predation risk, increased reproductive success
225
how does schooling behaviour reduce predation
confusion, dilution of predator detection
226
what are the coldwater fish
less than 21C
227
what are the cool water fish
18-21C
228
what are the warmwater fish
21-30C
229
what is acclimation
changes in organisms physiology and tolerances that appear after exposure to different levels of an environmental factor
230
how can you prove acclimation to temperature
histological tissue samples of muscle fibers
231
how does light affect fish
either move towards or away (positive or negative phototaxis)
232
when do fish generally feed in the day
at dusk and at dawn
233
why do fish have lateral migration
to feed or avoid migration
234
what are some ecological factors for fish
temperature, light, substrate, cover
235
what is substrate
spawning and reproduction grounds
236
why is substrate so important for salmon
gravel must be porous enough that water can circulate so eggs can get DO because eggs are buried in the redd
237
what is cover
a protected place where fish can rest, hide, or feed (visual isolation)
238
what are examples of cover
large rocks, deep pools, undercut banks, aquatic plant beds, overhanging vegetation, root wads, large woody debris
239
what are the assessments for EPA physical habitat
cover, embeddedness, velocity, sediment deposition, flow, channel alteration, channel sinuosity, bank stability, riparian vegetation production, width of riparian zone
240
what is an instream flow model
determine for each species the discharge that maximizes their habitat
241
where will you have the most DO
cold fast moving water
242
why does fast moving water have more DO
because it has a thinner boundary layer so more oxygen can diffuse in
243
what are 4 situations where you would have low DO
headwater areas with high groundwater input, high input of OM, eutrophication, hypolimnion release below dams
244
what is the salinity limit for FW fish and inverts
3-5ppt
245
what is stenohaline
narrow salt tolerance
246
what is euhaline
wide salt tolerance
247
what halinity are most fish
stenohaline
248
why is irrigation return water dangerous for fish
water lays in a bed so much is evaporated leaving high levels of salt to go back into water
249
why is fracking dangerous for fish
water from fracking is 5x saltier than ocean
250
what does road salt runoff cause in many water systems
long term increase in baseline concentration for chloride in water system
251
what is hydrofracking
inject 3-9 million gallons water into deep wells to break up shale and make pathways for natural gas to escape
252
how does hydrofracking pollute water
90% water, 9% sand, 1% chemicals and this wastewater cannot be sent to sewage treatment plants instead its shipped to special treatment
253
what other major issues has deep well injections caused in fracking
has caused minor earthquakes in places like youngstown ohio (never had earthquakes prior)
254
why is pH important to fish
hydrogen ions interfere with ion regulation across fish gills
255
what is alkalinity
ability to buffer acids which often depends on the bedrock geology
256
what happens to fish when pH is too low (acidic)
fish suffocate
257
are metals soluble at high or low pH
low pH
258
how does aluminum affect fish
reduces ion exchange across gills causing a salt depletion. also increases mucus production causing gills to clog
259
where does dry deposition and acid rain occur
downwind of source of ion
260
what ions cause dry deposition and acid rain
SO4 and NOx
261
when you have an acidic water body (3.5) what will you find
pretty much only water boatmen
262
what was the function of the clean air act
reduced sulfates
263
what is acid mine drainage
makes sulfuric acid and dissolved minerals and acid waters
264
what is diadromous
travel between sea and freshwaer
265
what is catadromous
go to sea to breed
266
what is anadadromous
go to freshwater to breed
267
what is amphydromy
moving between sea and FW for purposes other than breeding (ex. feeding)
268
is catadromous or anadadromous more common
anadadromous more common
269
what is an example of catadromous
eels
270
what is an example of anadadromous
salmon, shad
271
what is the food source for phytoplankton
nutrients (N and P)
272
what is the food source for zooplankton
edible phytoplankton
273
what is the food source for vertebrate planktivores
large herb zooplankton
274
what is the food source for invert planktivores
small herb zooplankton
275
what is the food source for piscivores
vertebrate planktivores
276
what are the 3 reasons for anadadromous life cycle
more food at sea, reduced predation on juveniles, reduced competition between adults and juveniles
277
describe the life cycle of salmon
egg in FW, eyed egg in FW, alevin FW, fry in FW, parr in FW, smolt FW->SW, adult SW, spawning SW->FW
278
how long are juvelive salmon in FW
from alevin to parr is 1-3 years
279
how long do adult salmon stay in SW before breeding
2 years
280
what reduces the number of shad and herring
damns and pollution
281
when do fish generally spawn
spring
282
why are shad and herring unique from salmon
they migrate for spawning and for feeding (spring and summer migration)
283
how long does it take shad and herring to mature and migrate
3-6 years
284
why are atlantic salmon and steelhead, cutthroat, and shad different from pacific salmon
they can migrate and spawn many times, pacific can migrate and spawn once then they die
285
where do coho salmon spawn
small streams
286
where do chinook salmon spawn
large rivers
287
where do chum and pink salmon spawn
short way up estuary
288
where do sockeye salmon spawn
streams, then young migrate to lake to feed
289
what are landlocked atlantic sockeye salmon
kokanee
290
how do salmon know where to go to find their stream of origin
phototaxis and chemotaxis
291
what are the taxis types
phototaxis, electromagnetotaxis, rheotaxis, chemotaxis
292
what is phototaxis
orient to sun
293
what is electromagnetotaxis
earths magnetic field orientation
294
what is rheotaxis
orient to a current
295
what is chemotaxis
olfactory cues for a specific drainage
296
what is an example of migration within freshwater
live in lakes then spawn in streams (brown trout)
297
where do fish in large rivers often spawn
in flood plain when the water is high (usually spring)
| upstream as the water is rising (minnows/catfish)
298
where do lake fish spawn
migrate to shallow areas (sunfish, crappies, carp)
299
where do fish over winter
deep water or lakes
300
what are examples of mutualism
schooling or cleaning
301
what is commensalism
+ 0
302
what is amensalism
- 0
303
what is mutualism
both benefit
304
what is competition
interaction between individuals die to shared resource in limited supply leading to reduction in survival, growth, or reproduction
305
what is the difference between gill rakers in fish living in the same area
two species of alwifes can have different sized spaces between gill rakers for different food sources (small zooplankton vs large zooplankton)
306
what was the body morph study
with two morphs you get different niches, with one morph they all have same niche
307
what happened in great lakes with introduction o alwife
was food for adult walleye but it ate the food for juvenile walleye so they died off
308
what did the alwife in great likes study show
predation can affect diversity
309
what happened with the introduction of nile perch into lake victoria
saw the extinction of many species of sickets, was an ecological disaster, but it did bring in economic success
310
what was the swedish study on carp
when pike were present carp became more deep bodied, when pike not present the carp were less deep bodied
311
what is trophic cascade
if you affect the top predator, you affect everything below it
312
what study looked at trophic cascade
wisconsin study on tuesday lake and peter lake (introduction or removal of bass)
313
what is the mysid shrimp study in lake tahoe
introduced mysid shrimp and they ate all the zooplankton so the kokanee salmon decreased
314
what is the bottom up theory
affect soemthing at the bottom of the food chain and watch the entire chain get affected
315
what is the difference between bottom up and trophic cascade
trophic cascade is top down, bottom up is bottom up
316
what does the river continum concept show for fish in headwater
small fish, high DO, fish need gravel
317
what does the riuver continum concept show for fish in the river
small and big dish, some DO, planktivorous fish, increased diversity
318
what is the trout zone
steep gradient, fast flowing water, cool temperature
319
what is found in the trout zone
trout and salmon
320
what is the grayling zone
steep gradient, fast flowing water, warmer waters
321
what is found in the grayling zone
grayling, minnow, chub, dace
322
what is the barbel zone
moderate water flow and moderate temp, silt and gravel substrate
323
what is found in the barbel zone
barbel, roach, rudd, perch, pike, eel
324
what is the bream zone
lowland zone, slow moving water, variable temp
325
what is found in the bream zone
bream, tench, carp
326
are riffles and pools more common in coldwater streams or warmwater streams
coldwater
327
what is the temp of a warmwater stream
more than 23C in summer
328
are there more miles of warmwater streams of coldwater streams
more warmwater streams
329
what disease is common in coldwater streams
whirling disease
330
what kinds of fish can be found in warmwater streams
minnow, darters, sunfish, suckers, small catfish, madtoms
331
does east or west have more species in usa
east has more species
332
where are there refuges for ancient fish like gars and bowfins
east
333
where are there a lot of endemic species
west (watersheds are isolated from each other)
334
what is different about species in the west
theyre generally larger in size and longer lived (especially in desert SW)
335
how do so many species coexist in warm water streams of the east
diversification of habitat usage
336
is a lake or a stream more temporary
lake is more temporary than stream
337
what is notable about fish in lakes
theyre generally fish you find in deep pools or rivers, not made for a lake habitat
338
what are some fish that are more often found in lakes
sunfish, pike, suckers
339
what is the surface temp of a coldwater lake
less than 25C
340
are coldwater lakes usually eu or oligotrophic
oligotrophic
341
are warm water lakes usually eu or oligotrophic
mesoeutrophic
342
does cold water lake have high or low light
high light
343
does warm water lake have high or low light
more turbid (low light)
344
which temp of lake has higher diversity of fish
warm water has higher diversity of fish
345
what kinds of fish are found in coldwater lakes
trout, whitefish, northern pike, walleye, sculpins
346
what kinds of fish are found in warm water lakes
bass, sunfish, crappie, bullheads, yellow perch, minnows, darters
347
in which temp of water lake is there a bigger difference between epi and hypolimnion
warm water lake
348
what is a reservoir
a half way between a lake and a river
349
what are the general characteristics of a reservoir
warm water and more river like, temporary, heavily silt, large changes in water levels
350
why can many things not survive in a reservoir
because of drastic water level changes fish cannot spawn in shallow water
351
what are traits of successful reservoir fish
spawn in water column, spawn in deep water, spawn in tributaries, spawn quickly in flooded littoral zone
352
what is an example of a deep water spawner
catfish
353
what is an example of a water column spawner
shad and white bass
354
what is an example of a spring flood spawner
carp
355
what is an example of a feeder stream (tributary) spawner
suckers
356
what is a pond
all littoral zone (enough light for plant growth can reach the bottom)
357
how much variation is there between mountain pond and farm pond
a lot of variation
358
what happens to farm ponds generally when theyre stocked with bass, blue gill, inverts, and catfish
you get 3-5 years of good fishing then you get eutrophication
359
how can you combat eutrophication in farm ponds
barley straw or shade to try to control algal growth
360
what is biomonitoring
systematic use of biological responses to evaluate changes in environment
361
biomonitoring for water quality involves ____ and ____
surveillance and compliance
362
what is surveillance
surveys before and after a problem (looking at long term change)
363
what is compliance
make sure permit requirements are met
364
what is a stressor
something that physically stresses an organism
365
where was the first biomonitoring done
europe in 1900's using chironomids
366
when and where was saprobian system developed
europe 1900's
367
when was biomonitoring first done in usa
Philadelphia 1940's by Ruth Patrick
368
what is a point source pollutant
something that comes out of a pipe into a water system
369
what is a non point source pollutant
comes from anything else (ex. runoff)
370
what are the advantages to using macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring
ubiquitous, many species, sedentary, long life cycle, convenient size, position in food chain
371
what does it mean that macroinvertebrates are ubiquitous
they exist in many kinds of habitats
372
why does it matter that macroinverts are sedentary
good for spatial analysis
373
why does it matter that macroinverts have long life cycles
can integrate temporal changes
374
what is the position of macroinverts in the food chain
between algae/detritus and fish
375
what are some disadvantages to using macroinverts
dont respond to all env. inpacts, clumped distribution, distribution and abundance affected by more than env factors, drift, can be hard to ID, can be too few to make assessment in highly polluted areas
376
what are the 4 classes of the saprobian system based on sewage input
oligosaprobic, beta-mesosaprobic, alpha-mesosaprobic, polysaprobic
377
what is oligosaprobic
clean water organisms trichoptera and plecoptera
378
what is beta-mesosaprobic
abundant pollution tolerant organisms chironomids or tubifex
379
what is alpha-mesosaprobic
tolerant species chironomids, tubifex, asellus, erpobdella
380
what is polysaprobic
exclusively eristalis, tubifex, chrinonomids
381
why was the saprobian system not used in usa at first
different species, sewage not as big a problem, focused on chemical measurements
382
when was the clean water act
1985
383
what must each state do under the clean water act
monitor surface waters, define beneficial uses, anti-degredation
384
what is anti-degredation
cannot lower water quality below its defined use
385
what are the beneficial uses under the clean water act
all should be fishable and swimable
