Exam 2

Question 1

Periapical Exam

Answer 1

to view entire tooth&surrounding bone,
can examine single tooth or use with other PA or BW for entire dentition&support structure
can be made w/ 3 periapical sizes #0, #1,#2

Question 2

Min. of 14 PA’s can make up a FMX for most adults

Answer 2

1 film for mand&max incisors
1 film in each canine areas (2 max, 2 mand)
1 film each premolar area (2 max, 2 mand)
1 film each molar area (2 max, 2 mand)

Question 3

Film holders that can be used with both PA’s & BW are?

Answer 3

Stabe & SUPA

these film holders can have long biteblocks

Question 4

Following film sequence/positioning

Answer 4

1. Max Anterior PA’s
2. Mand Anterior PA’s
3. Max Posterior PA’s
   4 Mand Posterior PA’s
   5 Anterior BW
4. Posterior BW

Question 5

IntraOral Procedures

Answer 5

Bitewing exam, Periapical Exam, Occlusal Exam

Question 6

SHADOW CASTING

Answer 6

The radiographic source of light (x-rays) is the focal point in the x-ray tube.

Question 7

Source

Answer 7

light is the focal point in the xray tube

Question 8

Receptor

Answer 8

is film or ccd of a digital radiographic sensor

Question 9

object

Answer 9

oral structures such as bone & teeth

Question 10

Angulation

Answer 10

description of alignment of entire tooth, tooth roots, or anatomic crown of tooth to a vertical axis in both anteroposterior and lateral planes of jaws.

Question 11

Principles of shadow casting, Principle 1

Answer 11

xray should be emitted from the smallest source of radiation as possible
(the smaller the focal point the sharper the image)

Question 12

Principle 2

Answer 12

xray source-to-object distance should be as long as possible
(longer PID& target film distance results in less magnification)

Question 13

Principle 3

Answer 13

the object-to-receptor distance should be as short as possible
(the closer the proximity of the tooth to film, lesser the image enlargement)

Question 14

Principle 4

Answer 14

the receptor & long axis of the tooth should be parallel to each other
(if the film & tooth are not parallel, and angular relation is formed and distorted image results)

Question 15

Principle 5

Answer 15

xray beam should be directed perpendicular to the receptor

to limit distortion the central ray of the xray beam must be perpendicular to the tooth & film

Question 16

Principle 6

Answer 16

there should be no movement of the tube, film, or patient during exposure

Question 17

Anterior PA’s

Answer 17

will have the films positioned vertically

Question 18

Posterior PA’s

Answer 18

will have the films positioned horizontally

Question 19

Labial Method

Answer 19

all film should have the dot complex

Question 20

large radiolucent areas of the nasal fossa or the max sinus indicate?

Answer 20

the radiograph is of maxillary area

Question 21

the DH or DA may interpret radiographic errors such as?

Answer 21

.overlapped contacts, elongated areas/images and artifacts and normal radiographic anatomy

Question 22

radiographs lose value when?

Answer 22

6 months to a year bc oral conditions change constantly

Question 23

Manual Processing of dental xrays

Answer 23

1 developing
2 rinsing
3 fixing
4 washing
5 drying

Question 24

Chemicals can be added in 3 forms which are?

Answer 24

powder, liquid concentrate, ready to use solutions

powder and liquid concentrate must be mixed with distilled water

Question 25

Developer

Answer 25

to convert exposed silver halide crystals into metalic silver grains

Question 26

4 chemicals in developer

Answer 26

1. developing agents (reducing agents) 2. preservative 3. activator (alkalizer) 4. restrainer

Question 27

developer contains 2 chemicals

Answer 27

hydroquinone and elone | both chemicals are affected by extreme temp

Question 28

what does fixer do

Answer 28

stops further film development and establishing image permanently on film by removing unexposed/underdeveloped SHC, hardens emulsion

Question 29

Preservative ( sodium sulfite)

Answer 29

protects the developing agents by slowing down rapid oxidation rate of developer

Question 30

Hardening agent

Answer 30

potassium aluminum, shrink and hardens the gelatin emultion

Question 31

activator (usually sodium carbonate)

Answer 31

provides necessary alkaline medium required by developing agents, softens and swells the gelatin allowing more exposed SHC to come into contact with developing agents

Question 32

restrainer (potassium bromide)

Answer 32

restrains developer agents from developing unexposed SHC and inhibits the tendency of the solution to chemically fog the film

Question 33

replenisher

Answer 33

added to developer or fixer in the processing tank to compensate for the loss of volume and strength for oxidation

Question 34

fixing agent (ammonium thiosulfate or sodium thiosulfate)

Answer 34

removes all unexposed and any remaining underdeveloped silver halide crystals from emulsion

Question 35

acidifier (acetic acid)

Answer 35

provides the acid medium to stop further development by neutralizing the alkali of the developer

Question 36

film handling

Answer 36

should be limited ti 2 1/2 min under safelight

Question 37

manual processing requires

Answer 37

processing tank, stirring paddles, thermometer, film hangers, drying racks, drip pans, timer