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Bioenergetics & Cellular Metabolism > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Chemical process involved with the production of cellular ATP

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2
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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3
Q

Work

A

exercise (force x distance)

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4
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temp. of one kg of water to 1 degree celsius

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5
Q

bomb calorimeter

A

exercise device in water (heat) that helps directly identify how many calories burned

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6
Q

indirect calorimeter

A

measuring O2 consumption gives you the same result

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7
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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8
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

In every energy transformation some energy is converted into a non-useable form
Ex. some ATP in a cross-bridge is not used while some is used (~30-40% usable)

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9
Q

Free Energy

A

The energy that can be used (for things like muscle contraction (30-40%))

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10
Q

Entropy

A

Energy that is converted into the non-usable form (60-70%)

In human bodies this is heat bc heat is not usable to perform work, it only keeps us warm

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11
Q

Ultimate source of energy

A

the sun!!

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12
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrate storage energy

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13
Q

Plant Chemicals

A

glucose, lipids, proteins

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14
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

The type of energy in the sun

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15
Q

Light energy

A

energy that travels from the sun to the earth

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16
Q

Chemical energy

A

plants are able to capture the light energy and store it chemically (we get these chemicals through ingesting the food)

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17
Q

Electrical Energy

A

action potentials that travel through t-tubules and then through the sarcolemma

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18
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Muscle Contraction (heat)

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19
Q

Purposes of Food

A

The food we eat serves as a source of energy, regulates energy use, and helps with the formation of body structures

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of c, h, and o
Readily available in diet
transported in body as glucose and converted to glycogen in the liver and muscles (glycogenesis) (converted back to glucose in liver: glycogenolysis)
Stores are limited

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21
Q

How many calories are there per gram of carb?

A

Carbs have about 4 calories per gram

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22
Q

Forms of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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23
Q

monosaccharides

A

one (glucose)

simple sugar

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24
Q

disaccharide

A

2
linking of 2 monosaccharides
simple sugar

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25
polysaccharide
more than 10 sugar molecules together
26
3-9 sugar molecules
oligosaccharide
27
Monosaccharide EX.
The type of monosaccharide found in the human body is glucose Glucose is down to many as blood sugar Glucose is found in the foods we eat and is released from more complex carbohydrates (absolutely necessary for proper functioning of the liver system)
28
Disaccharides
maltose sucrose lactose
29
Maltose
Plant source of glucose
30
Sucrose
Table sugar
31
Lactose
dairy sugar
32
Cellulose
indigestible by humans and consists of fibers
33
starch
storage form of carbs in plants (similar to glycogen)
34
Glycogen
liver/skeletal muscles; storage form of glucose for humans and animals
35
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
36
Fats (Lipids)
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Contain more energy per unit weight than carbohydrate or proteins (9 cals per gram w lipids) Found in plant and animal foods (red meats, avocado, coconut) Provide energy at rest and during prolonged, low-intensity exercise (aerobic exercise uses fats (lipids) through rest it inhibits fats)
37
Types of Fats
Simple Fats Compound Fats Derived Fats
38
Simple fats
Triglycerides
39
Compounds Fats
Phospholipids Lipoproteins(protein covering the transport form) Some lipoproteins are healthy and some are unhealthy
40
Derived Fats
Cholesterol Steroids Many steroids and hormones are derived from cholesterol
41
Structure of Triglycerides
Backbones: glycerol (form of alcohol) plus 3 different fatty acids R1, R2, R3 (fatty acids) Fatty acids have a lot of energy for ATP production Triglycerides are the main storage form of fat Both the glycerol and fatty acids may be used for energy (most fat is stored in fat cells) Droplets of fat located in skeletal muscle Type 1 fibers store more fat
42
Structure of Fatty Acid
High ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen | H carries more energy for fat
43
Body Stores of Fats
Subcutaneous fat: underneath the skin | Visceral: surround the organs
44
Body stores of fuels and energy
everyone has more fats than carbohydrates 37,000 calories need to run a marathon you cannot use fat/protein unless you're simultaneously using carbs using fats better means less carbohydrates
45
Proteins
composed of AA's Contain nitrogen, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Primarily used to form body structures but may also be used for energy Can be synthesized into 20 AA's
46
Leucine
``` Triggers protein synthesis within the skeletal muscles #1 AA used in exercise ```
47
Protein use for energy
Glucose-Alanine Cycle (glyco: glucose / neo: new / genesis: to create) To create carbs from non-carbs sources Alanine: non-carb source Good during aerobic exercise Its all about sparing and making new cabs
48
Leucine (2)
Leucine is the most common AA used We take AA and transfer it's AA group from pyruvate and alanine liver removes nitrogen Leucine to make alanine to make glucose
49
ATP Molecule
energy is the glue that holds this together myosin ATPase is built into the myosin head we are transforming energy (the bulk of it is 60-70% heat) 30-40% free energy is used)
50
Coupled Reactions
Energy released from 1 reaction is used for another reaction that uses energy
51
Metabolism
sum total of chemical reactions occurring in the body
52
Exergonic Reactions
Release Energy
53
Endergonic reactions
Requires Energy
54
Catabolism
``` To breakdown (fats, carbs, proteins) Exergonic ```
55
Anabolism
To create (fats, carbs, proteins) Endergonic (muscle contractions)
56
ATP (2)
Atp is available for energy rapidly but is stored in limited amounts The amount of ATP stored in the body can sustain maximal exercise for only a few seconds Because of ATP's limited availability, other sources of energy must be available in the cell to replenish ATP
57
Enzyme
protein that serves as a catalyst (makes things happen) in order for a chemical reaction to occur, it requires energy enzymes work by lowering the amount of activation energy not changed but the chemical reactions they are in Only react with one reactant called a substrate
58
Activation Energy
Amount of energy must be added to make a reaction go
59
Naming of Enzymes
Names end with the suffix "are" Kinases Dehydrogenases Isomerases (Rearranges whats already there)
60
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature (when you exercise, muscle temp increases) Acidity (high intensity exercise using includes an increase in acidity of blood Co-Factors (metal ions that bind to the enzyme, making the active site properly shaped) Co-Enzymes (vitamin derivatives that bind to enzyme making the site properly shaped)
61
Energy Systems
Provide energy to resynthesizes ATP ATP > ADP + P + energy all 3 of these are active in every moment of your life Phosphagen System: involves transfer of phosphate from one compound to the other Lactic Acid System Aerobic System
62
Phosphagen System
ATP-PC; ATP-PCr; ATP-CP; Immediate energy system Simplest energy system Anaerobic (close proximity to the myofibrils) Occurs in cytoplasm High power, low capacity Quickly reforms ATP from ADP + Pi
63
Power
how quickly an energy system that makes ATP = mole ATP /min.
64
Capacity
How much ATP it makes = moles ATP
65
Recreating ATP with PCr
Most of us store about 3-5x as much phosphocreatine as we do ATP
66
Regulation of Phosphagen System
Depends on regulatory enzyme Regulatory enzyme is creatine kinase (CK) Factors affecting CK include – [ATP] – [ADP]
67
Capacity and Power of Phosphagen System
Capacity – 1 mole (The capacity is limited by the muscle storage of phosphocreatine) Power – 4 moles / minute Diet and anaerobic training exercise increases phosphocreatine and frees their expansion
68
Types of Exercise Supported by Phosphagen System
Jumping Sprinting Throwing Events in Track and Field Weightlifting and Powerlifting Hitting and Throwing in Baseball/Softball
69
Summary of Phosphagen System
Provides energy for activities lasting from 10 to 15 seconds It is somewhat important for activities lasting 30 to 90 seconds It does not contribute heavily to activities lasting more than 90 seconds
70
Creatine Supplementation
Creatine supplementation (e.g., 20 g/day) increases PCr concentrations in the muscle Increased strength, hypertrophy, and delay of fatigue have been reported Anecdotal reports of side effects include nausea, gastrointestinal distress, and cramping Long-term negative effects are unknown
71
Lactic Acid System
Anaerobic glycolysis; Fast glycolysis Anaerobic Uses only carbohydrates (glucose) to form ATP Occurs in cytoplasm Moderate power, moderate capacity This system existed on earth before oxygen existed on earth (“billions” of years old) Slower than the phosphagen system Makes more ATP but it does it slower
72
Glycolysis
The stepwise, enzymatically- controlled degradation of glucose (a 6 carbon carbohydrate molecule) that leads to either: – two pyruvic acid molecules (10 steps), – two lactic acid molecules (11 steps) The result is the transfer of energy from glucose to rejoin ADP and Pi (formation of ATP)

Bioenergetics & Cellular Metabolism (2 decks)

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