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A&P Lectures 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two parts of the integument?

A

Cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures.

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cutaneous membrane of the integument?

A

the epidermis and the dermis

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3
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integument?

A

hair and glands

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4
Q

Is the hypodermis a part of the integument?

A

NO. hypo means below, so it is BELOW the dermis.

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5
Q

What are the 7 functions of the integument system?

A

Evaporation barrier, thermal barrier (sweat, VD/CD, insulation etc), defense (keeps things out pathogens! And UV light!), excretion (plays a minimal role in getting rid of waste), sensation, communication (facial expressions), vitamin D synthesis

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6
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

an acellular layer right between the dermis and epidermis

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7
Q

what are desmosomes

A

proteins!

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8
Q

where are hemi-desmosomes found?

A

at the base of the epidermis, right above the basal layer

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9
Q

T or F: Type I collagen is the weakest of all collagen.

A

F. It is the strongest

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10
Q

where is type VII collagen found?

A

extending from the hemi-desmosomes, into the basal layer

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11
Q

why is knowing the type of collagen important?

A

Because knowing the type helps us identify where mutations are if problems exist.

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12
Q

what are dermal papillae

A

the up and down waves that allow from interlocking strength.

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13
Q

where are dermal papillae found?

A

in the dermal layer as waves, or the epidermis as ridges (think fingerprints)

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14
Q

What are fingerprints

A

dermal papillae

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15
Q

why are dermal papillae imprtant

A

strength of layers, and greater adhesion for the hands and feet.

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16
Q

What kind of cells is the epidermis made of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

T or F: the epidermis is avascular

A

True

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18
Q

which are more metabolically active: basal cells of the epidermis of apical cells of the epidermis?

A

basal cells! They are still avascular, but are super close to the blood supply. Cells at the apical surface are dead.d

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19
Q

what causes calluses

A

the increased mechanical stimulation of the basal cells cause mitosis to increase, pushing older cells to the surface.

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20
Q

what are desquamate

A

old cells at the apical surface

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21
Q

What other cells are found in the epidermis?

A

dendritic cells

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22
Q

what are the immune cells that migrate to the skin from the lymphatic tissue?

A

dendritic cells or cells of langerhans

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23
Q

what helps protect the skin against abrasions?

A

keratinocytes that continuously divide and progressively form a keratin protein layer

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24
Q

why do desmosomes form between cells?

A

to bind them together to help them to stay together; offers skin strength and protection against abrasions and blisters

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25
what helps skin to be water resistant?
the lipid coating that forms outside of the cells
26
T or F: skin is lipid soluble
T! think nicotine patches
27
what causes skin color?
melanocytes
28
where are melanocytes found?
In the stratum basale
29
where do melanocytes originate?
the neural crest
30
an enzyme converts ____ to melanin
tyrosine
31
what are the two types of melanin
eumelanin and pheomelanin
32
eumelanin causes ____ skin color
brown/black
33
pheomelanin causes ____ skin color
yellow/red
34
where are melanocytes housed?
melanosomes
35
what are melanosomes?
membrane bound packets of melanin
36
what is the function of melanin
the melanosomes secrete melanin and block UV light from hitting the nucleus of the cells.
37
the integumentary system consists of:
skin, hair, nails, and their associated glands
38
the dermis is what kind of tissue
connective tissue
39
where is thick skin found?
the palms, soles, and surfaces of the fingers and toes
40
what is the stratum corneum?
the apical surface layer of dead cells
41
thick skin has ___ but no ____ or ____
sweat glands; hair follicles; sebaceous glands
42
What are the thickness measurements of the epidermis of thick skin and thin skin?
thick: 0.5mm thin: 0.1 mm
43
what is the approximate pH of the skins surface?
4-6
44
what is the acidic film on the skins surface called?
the acid mantle
45
what are dermcidin and defensins?
defensive antimicrobial peptides
46
what makes up the skins strength?
keratin linked by desmosomes
47
what monitors body surface temperature
thermoreceptors
48
where are most of the skins nerve endings located?
the dermis
49
T or F the epidermis contains blood vessels
False! The epidermis is avascular
50
What are the 5 cell types that comprise the epidermis?
stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells
51
what are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes
52
where are stem cells located in the epidermis?
in the stratum basale
53
what are tactile cells?
receptors for touch
54
where are tactile cells found?
in the basal layer of the epidermis
55
what is a tactile disc?
a tactile cell and its associated nerve fiber
56
where are dendritic cells located?
in the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum of the epidermis
57
where do dendritic cells originate?
bone marrow
58
what areas of the body can dendritic cells be found?
the epidermis and epithelia of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina
59
what do dendritic cells do?
guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens
60
what are the five layers of the epidermis?
the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
61
what kind of cells are found in the stratum basale?
a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes. All malnocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells
62
what kind of cells are found in the stratum spinosum?
several layers of keratinocytes. Also dendritic cells
63
what is the main cause of water resistance of the skin?
tight junctions between keratinocytes
64
what kind of cells are found in the stratum granulosum?
3-5 top layers of flat keratinocytes
65
what kind of cells are found in the stratum lucidum?
densely packed keratinocytes and a clear protein named eleidin
66
where is stratum lucidum found?
ONLY in thick skin.
67
what kind of cells are found in the stratum corneum?
up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
68
What does melanin actually protect?
the DNA of the basal stem cells (from UV light)
69
What makes someone albino?
albinos lack the enzyme that forms the melanin from melanocytes
70
What does MSH stand for?
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
71
Where is MSH from and what does it do?
secreted from the pituitary gland and increases melanocyte activity.
72
MSH is a ____ hormone and is ____with UV exposure
paracrine, increased
73
MSH is very similar to what other hormone?
ACTH
74
In what ways is UV light bad for you?
It burns, it breaks down folate, can cause epithelial cancer
75
In what ways is UV light good for you?
Vitamin D/Calcium homeostasis, carotene,
76
Name the three types of skin cancer.
Basal Cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
77
7-dehydrochelesterol + UV light=
cholecalciferol
78
What is cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3
79
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
ADEK: They REQUIRE fat
80
What is the real name for calcidiol?
25-hydroxy cholecalciferol
81
Where is 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol from?
the liver
82
T or F: 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol is fat soluble
T! This means it can be stored.
83
25-hydroxy cholecalciferol is further altered by____.
1, 25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
84
where is 1, 25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) found?
the kidneys
85
PTH is secreted from the ___ in response to:
parathyroid, low blood calcium
86
PTH up-regulates the activity of ____.
1, 25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
87
In order for the body to have 1, 25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol), it needs ____.
Vitamin D
88
1, 25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) increases the absorption of ____ from the ____.
Ca++, the gut
89
Evolutionary reason darker skin exists?
prevents folate destruction. Folate issues causes infertility, thus lowering fitness.
90
carotene becomes which vitamin?
Vitamin A
91
Vitamin A is associated with healthy____ and _____.
eyes and skin
92
Where does vitamin A tend to accumulate?
hypodermis/fat and the epidermis.
93
what does the red and blue color tell us about blood?
whether or not it is oxygenated
94
technical word meaning "red skin"
erythemia
95
what causes erythemia or inflammation of the skin?
increased blood flow.
96
what causes cyanosis?
abnormally deoxygenated RBC's.
97
Why are bruises purple?
RBCs deoxygenate as blood pools. The oxygen spreads to the surrounding area.
98
Jaundice is evidenced by what color due to what.
greenish due to increased bilirubin.
99
T or F: the dermis is composed mainly of avascular tissue.
F. The dermis is largely vascular with sensory structures.
100
what type of collagen is in the dermal layer and in which part?.
type 1 in the deep reticular layer
101
besides type 1, what other collagen type is found in the reticular layer?
type 3
102
what are responsible for wrinkles?
elastin fibers in the deep reticular layer
103
what kind of tissue is the dermis?
dense irregular connective tissue

A&P Lectures 1 (2 decks)

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