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Intro to Criminal Justice > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

vigilantism

A

The use of volunteer. self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime and punish criminals

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2
Q

Miranda warning

A

Notifs that police must give suspects about their rights prior to beginning custodial interrogation

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3
Q

Frankpledge System

A

local families are responsible for maintaining peace in their area

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4
Q

Watch system

A

Particular men were assigned to be watchmen

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5
Q

Fragmentation

A

Lack of coordination among law enforcement region due to the existence of many small departments

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6
Q

Training

A

States have special training academies

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7
Q

Demographics of Candidates

A

greatest disparity is in gender, Long history of discrimination against African Americans

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8
Q

The Fourth Amendment

A

Protects residents from unreasonable “searches and seizures”. It does not limit the actions of private individuals and companies (must be working for the government)

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9
Q

Police Subculture

A

set of norms and beliefs held by most officers in a given country

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10
Q

Use of Force

A

Array of coercive actions, from control holds to deadly force

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11
Q

Use of force continuum

A

A training aid depicting the appropriate amount of force a law enforcement agent may use in particular kinds of situations

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12
Q

The 4th Amendment

A

Protects residents from unreasonable “searches and seizures”. It does not limit the actions of private individuals and companies (must be working for the government)

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13
Q

Police discretion

A

High degree of discretion that allows them to act in the manner they judge more appropriate in a given situation
~limits upon police discretion, highest limits in use of force

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14
Q

Victims and the use of discretion

A

Greatest influence on the decision to arrest is the victims or complaints preference for arrest

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15
Q

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

A

deals with violations of federal statutes

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16
Q

State Law Enforcement Agencies

A

Police departments, smaller urban areas & more people , respond to violations of the state penal codes & local ordinances

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17
Q

Abuse of Authority

A

extremely harmful to a law enforcement agency; occurs when police disregard polices, rules or laws in the performance of their duties

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18
Q

Police Corruption

A

misconduct motivated by personal gain such as skimming seized narcotic monies

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19
Q

Policing Roles

A

3 policing roles: Maintaining order, enforcing the law, providing services

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20
Q

Enforcing the Law

A

when arrest when needed

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21
Q

Providing service

A

Non emergency police work-non law enforcement duties performed by police officers on as a needed basis

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22
Q

Problem oriented policing

A

discovered in late 1960, SARA ( Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment)

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23
Q

Scanning

A

Identifies the problem

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24
Q

Analysis

A

anything that may be causing or influencing the problem

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25
Response
participants think creatively about ways to solve the problem
26
Assessment
during which officers determine whether the program was put into effect as intended and whether the goals were met
27
Zero tolerance policy
police focus on minor public order offense that affect resident quality of life
28
Broken Windows theory
relationship between the deterioration of a neighborhood and higher crimes rate
29
Patrol Officers
uniformed police officers assigned to specific regions perform bulk of police work
30
Follow up investigation
occurs after a patrol officer documents the facts of a crime
31
Enforcing traffic laws
Policing are primary agency in charge of enforcement of traffic laws; automobiles are used in crimes
32
Enforcing traffic laws
policing are primary agency in charge of enforcement of Law
33
Custody
incarceration of persons either accused or convicted of a crime
34
Forensics
applying science to investigation; methods to criminal & civil investigation & legal procedures, including criminal trails
35
Span of Control
the extent of an individuals authority
36
deployment of police resources
factors affecting how police resources are allocated
37
Public Opinion
CJ system as a whole garners less support
38
Search
Must be done by a government official, the person being searched must have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
39
Seizure
The action of capturing someone or something using force. Must be done by a government agent, and the person must feel like they're not reasonably free to leave (high-speed chase). If you can leave it is not a seizure
40
search warrants
Needed to conduct a search
41
Terry stop/Stop and frisk
The police with reasonable suspicion, briefly detain a person, question him, require him to show to identification, and frisk him or pat him down for weapons.
42
automobile searches
Almost never need a warrant to search to a car, just probable cause
43
Exclusionary rule
Police cannot use this evidence in court if violating the 4th 5th or 6th amendment (only applies to criminal offenses)
44
Good-faith exception
Exception to the exclusionary rule allowing illegally attained evidence to be used if officers relied on good faith on an invalid warrant
45
The fifth amendment
Right to remain silent, a confession is not valid if it is not voluntary
46
Fruit of the poisonous tree
Another name for the derivative evidence rule which excludes evidence derived from an illegal search or seizure
47
Inevitable discovery exception
Exception to the exclusionary rule allowing illegally obtained evidence to be admissible if police would have discovered it anyway had they used proper procedures
48
Probable cause
Reasonable grounds that allows for a warrant/police to make an arrest
49
Kin policing
Law enforcement power in the people's hands, they're responsible for their own family
50
Attenuation
Exception to the exclusionary rule that applies when the link between the unconstitutional acts and the evidence becomes weak due to intervening time or events
51
chain of command
The line of authority that extends throughout the organization
52
Sheriffs offices
Tend to serve larger, more rural areas with fewer people
53
Police departments
Serve smaller, urban areas with more people
54
Sworn personnel
Those entrusted with arrest powers and are usually referred to as peace officers in the statutes conferring such powers
55
Preventive patrol
Officers randomly patrol a neighborhood
56
Broken windows theory
If a neighborhood looks run-down, crime is more likely
57
The Sixth Amendment
The right to refuse to testify
58
Pursuits
Begin when a law enforcement officer signals a driver to stop and they refuse to
59
Dual arrest
Officer arrests both parties in a physical altercation instead of identifying/arresting the primary aggressor
60
Appeals
No jury here. Each side files a brief. In appellate courts the purpose is to decide whether a mistake was made or whether a constitutional right was violated
61
district attorney
Lawyer who prosecutes criminal cases at the local level
62
Prosecutorial discretion
Prosecutor's power to decide when to bring criminal charges and which charges to bring
63
Defense attorney
Lawyer who represents the defendant in a criminal case
64
Attorney-client privilege
The right of a person to prevent the government from asking his lawyer to provide evidence of the content of discussions
65
petit jury
Small groups of citizens who determine whether a criminal defendant is guilty of the crime with which he is charged
66
Grand jury
Panel of citizens who may investigate certain crimes and determine whether sufficient evidence exists to bring a defendant to trial
67
Venire
Group of people called to be prospective jurors
68
Lay witnesses
Heard or saw something firsthand directly related to the crime
69
Expert witnesses
Have some special knowledge that can help the triers of fact decide a case
70
Voir dire
Process by which biased jurors are excused from the pool
71
Peremptory challenges
An attorney's removal of a prospective juror she feels will not be sympathetic to her side of the case
72
Prosecutors
Exist at federal, state, and local level, (who brings the charges)
73
Affadavit
a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court.
74
Decentralization of command
The fanning out of substations in various areas so the police maintain a physical presence throughout the community

Intro to Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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