Exam 2 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
The original 13 states were created from ________ to private companies and _______
A
- British land grants
- Individuals
2
Q
Why did the English Crown make land grants?
A
To promote mercantilism
3
Q
Economic development was promoted when:
A
- A colony exported raw materials to Mother Country
- Manufactures in Mother Country added value by processing raw materials into goods
- Then the processed goods were shipped back to colony and purchased by colonists colonies
4
Q
After winning the Revolutionary War, the original 13 states:
A
owned all the land within their borders
5
Q
The Federal Government never owned any land in the _______ except when _______
A
- orignial 13 colonies
- it was purchased or acquired for military bases, post offices, etc
6
Q
Problems after Independence
A
- Vague colonial boundaries led to large (sometimes overlapping) claims by some of the original 13 states
- US and all original 13 states had war debts to foreign nations and veterans
7
Q
The original 13 states ceded _____ million acres, which makes up _____% of the current US
A
236, 10.4
8
Q
Hamiltons solution to war debt:
A
- Orignial 13 states transferred lands west of current boundaries to the federal government
- US sold “new public lands” at public auctions or transferred to veterans to pay US war debts and the debts the US acquired from the states
9
Q
What were the results of Hamiltons war debt idea
A
- US repaid its existing and newly acquired debts quickly
- purposes of land disposal changes after debt repaid
10
Q
What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 establish
A
-Established the General Land Office (GLO), Northwest Territory, and how states would entire the union
11
Q
What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 actually do
A
- Create townships (36 sq miles) compromised of 36 sectors (1 sq mile each = 640 acres) as the basis for all property boundaries (6mile x 6 mile)
- Section 16 was for the support of education
12
Q
How did the US pay off solider debt
A
- Orignial 13 states and fed gov made land grants to soldiers
- Most soldiers didn’t want to move so they sold their land to speculators
13
Q
Because land prices were fairly high and the auctioned lands were usually very isolated, ______ purchased most land and:
A
- Speculators
- sold the land often after establishing towns to individuals and families
14
Q
Preemption is the predecessor to
A
The Homestead Act
15
Q
Before Preemption (1785 - 1829)
A
- Squatters had no rights to land they occupied
- Government wanted to sell the land and squatters had no money to buy the land
16
Q
US Government Policy of Preemption (1830-1861)
A
-Squatters had the right of first refusal to buy 160 acres for $1.25 per acre if (s)he agreed to improve the land before it was auctioned to the public
17
Q
Homestead Act (1862)
A
- Gained more support as more western states were admitted to union
- 80 (later 160) acres to free white male who: cleared land, improved land, and held it in the family for 5 years
18
Q
Why did the Homestead Act fail (myth vs reality)
A
-Because the line of settlement was west of the 100th meridian
19
Q
Railroad Land Grants (1850)
A
- US conveyed alternating sections, 6 (later up to 40) miles on each side of the tracks
- Encouraged expansion of railroads and increased the value of government land
20
Q
O & C lands
A
- Oregon and California
- contains incredible amounts of biodiversity and timber
21
Q
US Policy: Retain Land (1891-Present)
A
These lands became the “Public Domain” and are some of the lands the US Gov currently owns
22
Q
US Policy: Aquire Land (1911-Present)
A
Some of these lands became NFs, NPs, NWRs, and other lands the US Gov currently owns
-Generally in the eastern US
23
Q
Emersion
A
- Nature is morally instructive
- The ‘Nobel Savage’ concept
24
Q
The Transcendentalists (Bryant, Emerson, and Thoreau)
A
- Humans through their inner perceptions are one with each other and one with nature, and nature is one with God
- Believed an explicit link between nature and God
25
George Perkins Marsh
- Linked the condition of land to the condition of civilizations
- Theory: Us needs to wisely use resources if we want our civilization to last
26
Progressive movement (1870-1920)
-Post Civil War: American Industrial Revolution -> Rise of corporate influence (trusts) -> Economic transformation and the concentration of wealth -> Progressivism
27
Progressive Philosophy
- Regulate monopolies through anti-trust laws
- Enact public health laws
- Change Constitution to directly elect the US Senate
- Create a civil service system
- Use natural resources based on scientific knowledge and the use of technology
28
Retention - Withdrawals
Lands withdrawn from homesteading and other acquisition mechanisms
29
Retention - Reservations
Lands reserved for a purpose
30
Reserved Lands - National Forest System (HISTORY)
- Created in 1891 by the Creative Act
- 1905: Forest Reserve renamed National Forests
- 1911 Weeks Act
- 1960: National Grasslands
31
Currently _____ National Forests that cover _____ million acres
Currently ____ National Grasslands that cover _____ million acres
- 155/192
- 20/3
- All Under the National Forest System
32
Creative Act
- Creates National Forests System (1891)
| - Allows President to create federal Forest Reserves
33
Weeks Act (1911)
- Where we see the beginning of acquisition of property by US
- Allows purchase of eastern National Forests
- Allows US Gov to acquire land for national parks/forests
34
Reserved Lands - NPS (National Parks System) HISTORY
- 1872 yellowstone reserved
- 1906 Antiquities Act
- 1916 National Park Service
- 1970 Natural, historic, and recreational areas included in National Park system
35
There are currently _____ units on ____ million acres that are managed by the NPS
-390+ / 79
36
HISTORY
| Reserved lands-National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS)
- First National Wildlife Refuge: Pelican Island, Florida 1903
- Fish and Wildlife Service created in 1940
37
FWS
Fish and Wildlife Service
38
There are currently _____ NWRs on _____ million acres
520 / 95.6
39
Withdrawn Lands: Bureau of Land Management Lands (BLM) History
BLM manages 1/8 US lands mass
mostly grazing and desert lands
- These are the lands no-one else wanted or had no use for
- 1984 Taylor Grazing Act that ended the Homestead
- 1976 Federal Land Policy and Management Act: Retention of current public lands becomes official US policy
40
BLM
Bureau of Land Management
41
BLM manages the _________ out of all the services
most land
42
Why does the federal government own more land in the west
because they switched from disposal to retention
43
Characteristics of Bureaucratic Systems
- Hierarchal authority
- Job specialization
- Formalized rules
44
Hierarchal Authority
A chain of command
45
Job specialization
Precise, defined, devision of labor
46
Formalized Rules
Standardized and established procedures
47
4 Types of Agencies
Cabinet Agencies
Indépendent Agencies
Regulatory Agencies
Government Corporations
48
Cabinet Agencies
Semiautonomous operating units (BLM FWS) in Departments (DOI, DOD, DOA)
49
Indépendent Agencies
Narrower responsibilities than cabinet agencies - placement often to address symbolic or practical issues
50
Regulatory Agencies
- Have executive, legislative, and judicial functions
| - Some autonomous, some not
51
Government Corporations
-receive some federal funding
52
DOA secretary
Dept of Agriculture
| Sonny Perdue
53
Services under the DOA
Forest Services (FS) and National Resource Conservation Services (NRCS)
54
DOD
Department of Defense
55
ACE
Army Corps of Engineers
56
What department falls under the DOD
ACE
57
DOC
Department of Commerce
58
EPA Administrator
Andrew Wheeler
59
DOI and secretary
Department of Interior
| Ryan Zinke
60
What departments fall under the DOI
- BIA
- BLM
- BOR
- GS
- NPS
- FWS
61
BLM
Bureau of Land Management
62
BIA
Bureau of Indian Affairs
63
BOR
Bureau of Reclamation
64
FWS
Fish and Wildlife Service
65
GS
Geologic Survey
66
NRCS
National Resource Conservation Service
67
FS
Forest Service
68
CURRENT Management Mandates of the Forest Service
-Since 1960, the NFS has been managed for (as equals ) "multiple use" : WATER/WILDLIFE/WOOD/RANGE/RECREATION
69
CURRENT management mandates of the NPS
- since 1970 NPS has been managed for (in order)
1) Preservation of Resources
2) Recreation
70
CURRENT management mandates of the FWS
- Has been managed for IN ORDER
1) Conserve resources and habitat
2) Compatible wildlife dependent recreation
3) Non-wildlife dependent use
71
CURRENT management mandate for BLM
- Since 1976 BLM lands have been managed for AS EQUALS
| - WATER/WILDLIFE/WOOD/RANGE/RECREATION
72
Congress/Presidnet have created specific management mandates for lands designated as:
Wilderness
Wild and Scenic rivers
National Trails
73
Lands managed (LOCATION) - FS
-Most lands are located in Western US, but there are lands throughout the US
74
Lands managed (LOCATION) - NPS
-Most lands are in Alaska but there are parts of the entire system in every state
75
Lands managed (LOCATION) - FWS
-Most lands are in Alaska, but parts of every system in every state
76
Lands managed (LOCATION) - BLM
-Lands split between Alaska and western US, No lands are east of the Mississippi
77
FS resources managed
155 national forests
| 20 national grasslands
78
NPS resources managed
417 total units, 77.6 million acres
79
__________ has the most acres, ________ have the second most
- Naitonal Parks
| - National Preserves
80
Resources managed by FWS
- National Wildlife Refuge (520 most in Alaska)
| - Fisheries Program (69 hatcheries)
81
Resources managed by BLM
- 261 million acres all in west
- On shore subsurface rights
- manages more lands in the west than any other agency
82
Organization of FS
-Spatially with regional office and 9 regions
83
Organization of NPS
-Regions separated by names
84
Organization of FWS
-Regions separated by number
85
Organization of BLM
- Only Western US and organized to state boundaries
| - Some states are combined
86
Agency Planning
Long term assessments (50 years) -> Unit plans (15 years) -> Projects
87
Long term assessments
-Evaluate supply and demand for systems resources 50 years in the future, based on historic trends and predictions
88
Unit Planning process
- Every 15 years
- Divides lands into management areas and define objectives for each management area
- Pre-plan planning and public participation -> Draft Plan -> Public comment -> Final Plan
89
Projects
-implement final plan during 15 years covered by the unit plans
90
NEPA
- National Environmental Policy Act
- Requires federal agencies to consider environmental effects of their actions but does not require them to choose the most environmental friendly action
- Covers federal actions only
91
New York States Public Lands are split between
OPRHP and DEC
92
OPRHP
- Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation
| - administers state park system
93
DEC - State Forests
-Lands are managed for WATERSHED, WOOD, RECREATION, WILDLIFE
94
DEC - WMUs
- Wildlife Management Units
- Boundaries determined mostly by highways and water bodies
- Used to set hunting, trapping seasons, especially doe permits
95
DEC - WMAs
- Wildlife Management Areas
- Acquired for the production and use of wildlife
- Used extensively for hunting, fishing, and trapping
96
WMAs are _______ WMUs
Within
97
Catskill and ADK Parks "cut and run"
- Best lands purchased by wealthy citizens, and hunting and fishing clubs, other lands were purchased by timber companies
- Timber companies cut and run other lands -> taxes unpaid -> land escheated to counties
98
Solution to cut and run
- NYS took over lands from county, but counties were still responsible for taxes to NYS
- Counties taxes to NYS later forgiven
99
Catskill and ADK parks : 1984 Constitutional Convention
-Article 14: State lands = "Forever Wild"
100
What does Forever wild mean
- Lands owned by the state of NY will be forever kept as wild forest lands. State cannot sell, remove, or destroy timber on the lands
- IN ORDER FOR LAND TO BE FOREVER WILD IT MUST BE OWNED BT THE STATE OR IN CATSKILL PARK
101
APA
Adirondack Park Agency
102
Catskill and ADK park expansion and administration
- State gradually purchased private lands within the blue line
- ADK 6 million acres, approx 50% private and 50% forest preserve
- Catskills 700,000 acres 2005: 54% private, 41% forest preserves 5% NYC
103
State lands managed by
DEC
104
Private lands regulated by
ADK Adirondack park agency and local governments
105
NEPA is triggered when .....
1) When a agency undertakes/permits/funds and action
106
Whats the first thing looked at when NEPA is triggered
Is there a categorial exclusion for the agency action?
107
CE
Categorial exclusion
| regular actions that and agency undertakes
108
EIS trigger language (occurs if there is no CE)
(Agency determines if the proposed action is) a major federal action, that significantly affects the human environment
109
EA
Environmental Assessment
-Purpose is the answer whether the proposed action is a major federal action that significantly affects the human environment
110
FONSI
- Finding of no significant impact
| - Purpose is to explain there is no significant impact
111
Who prepares the EIS/FONSI/EA
-Agency or Environmental consulting firm or third party
112
EIS Process (IN ORDER)
1) Notice of intent and scoping
2) Prepares a draft EIS (DEIS)
3) Comment period (must be written)
4) Agency makes final EIS (FEIS)
5) Record of division (ROD) (final decision on action)
113
EIS
Environmental Impact Statement
114
EIS Process (2) DEIS must contain
1) A range of alternatives (5-8 alt ways action can be done)
- One alternative must be the no action alternative
- Must identify preferred alternative
2) Must describe env consequences for each alternative
- Must include env consequences that cant be avoided
- Must include mitigation measures that can be undertaken to avoid env impacts
115
EIS Process (1) Notice of Intent and Scoping purpose
-to inform the public and other agencies that the entity will prepare and EIS
116
EIS Process (3) Comment Period
- written comments must be accepted
| - purpose is to make a better FEIS
117
EIS Process (4) FEIS must include
1) Responses to categories of comments
| 2) Name the current preferred alternative
118
EIS Process (5) Record of Division
-Final decision on the action
119
ROD
Record of Division
120
CEQ
Council of Environmental Quality
121
CEQ regulations define
what a major federal action is, significant effects, and human environment
