exam 2

Question 1

phoneme

Answer 1

the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning

Question 2

morpheme

Answer 2

the smallest unit of sound that holds meaning by itself

Question 3

reflexive ethnography

Answer 3

portraying another culture while also including the the positionality of the ethnographer; less detached

Question 4

ethnographic realism

Answer 4

a scientific and accurate account of another culture without including the ethnographer; detached; loosely considered objective

Question 5

Kennewick Man

Answer 5

name given to the skeletal remains that were disputed over near the columbia river in washington; one of the most complete ancient skeletons ever found; dispute over whether the remains belonged to the tribe he might’ve been from or the government for archives

Question 6

linguistic relativism

Answer 6

principle that all languages have equal value

Question 7

emic perspectives

Answer 7

cultural analyses that emphasize the insider’s point of view

Question 8

etic perspectives

Answer 8

cultural analyses that emphasize the outsider’s point of view

Question 9

unilineal descent

Answer 9

descent from mom OR dad’s line

Question 10

ethnocide

Answer 10

attempts to purposefully erase a culture

Question 11

pidgin

Answer 11

a hybrid language that combines two languages when two people try to come together and understand each other/communicate

Question 12

code-switching

Answer 12

switching back and forth between levels of formality in speaking, depending on the situation

Question 13

Maragoli

Answer 13

ethnic group that lives in the western part of Africa

Question 14

indirect rule

Answer 14

a strategy used by early british colonizers to influence local leaders in tribes to adopt their leadership techniques so they could still rule the colonies without actually being present

Question 15

polygamy

Answer 15

marriage with two or more spouses at once

Question 16

polyandry

Answer 16

marriage with one woman and two or more husbands

Question 17

polygyny

Answer 17

marriage with one man and two or more wives

Question 18

exogamy

Answer 18

marriage outside of a specific social group

Question 19

endogamy

Answer 19

marriage within a specific social group

Question 20

bridewealth

Answer 20

goods and services provided to the bride’s family by the groom’s family before marriage; common in patrilocal systems

Question 21

descent

Answer 21

origin or background of a person

Question 22

rite of passage

Answer 22

important in kin-based societies, ceremonies or rituals that mark the passage from one stage of life to another

Question 23

gatekeeper

Answer 23

protects the society that an outsider is trying to enter; never will gain full access; gain trust of gatekeeper in order to gain some access/trust of others

Question 24

binary oppositions

Answer 24

the human mind focusing on small differences/tensions that are found everywhere (left v right-handed, us v them)

Question 25

communitas

Answer 25

an unstructured community in which people are viewed as equals

Question 26

berdache

Answer 26

a person that assumes the gender identity and social status of the opposite sex

Question 27

kinesics

Answer 27

the study of body language

Question 28

proxemics

Answer 28

the study of social space and how humans use it

Question 29

liminality

Answer 29

the second stage of a rite of passage; often a hardship/test; on the threshold between the stages of life

Question 30

sapir-whorf

Answer 30

language either determines (strong) or shapes (weak) the way we think

Question 31

focal vocabulary

Answer 31

specific cultures emphasize certain ideas in their language

Question 32

multivocal system

Answer 32

symbols which might have more than one interpretation over different cultures

Question 33

syncretism

Answer 33

complex blending of old and new cultural practices