Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 303 exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

genes transferred organism to organism but gen to gen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless species resemble harmful species, getting protection from predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do primates with full color vision have so many fossilized genes for olfaction?

A

with such great vision smell was not use das much causing them to lose that trait and fossilizing the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pleiotropy

A

condition when a mutation in a single gene affects the expression of more than one different phenotypic trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what impact do mutations alone have on selection?

A

mutations inject new alleles into gene pools and change the allele frequency. once a new mutation arises, drift and selection may begin to act on them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do selection coefficient values tell you?

A

the strength of selection and whether or not a genotype if favored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

indels

A

-insertion or deletion of bases in the genome of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequencies of allele copies in population resulting from sampling error in drawing gametes from gene pool to make zygotes and from chance variation in the survival and or reproductive success of individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

population genetics

A

study of the distribution of alleles within population and the mechanisms that can cause allele frequencies to change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of postzygotic reproductive isolation

A
  • hybrid sterility

- low fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reinforcement

A

results when any hybrid offspring has low fitness and natural selection results in assortative mating and prezygotic isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

deletion

A

a base pair is deleted out of genome

ex: cleft palate, heart defects, autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

null hypothesis

A

original negative hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most mutations are

A

neutral and random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

selection coefficient

A

measure of the extent to which natural selection is acting to reduce the relative contribution of a given genotype to the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sympatric speciation

A

populations in the same geographical area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bottleneck

A

reduce genetic variation, causes genetic drift and rare alleles are likely to be lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

point mutation

A

at one point there is a change

ex: 6 fingers, finger fusion, skeleton calcification, albinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

morphospecies strengths and weaknesses

A

s:
- primairy way fossils are assigned to a species
w:
- works badly for fungi, bacteria and archea
- cant tell species age vs. diff species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

negative frequency dependent selection example

A

elederflower orchids
2 distinct morphs to trick pollinators
more common color=lower fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

postzygotic reproductive isolation

A

hybrid offspring are sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does inbreeding have a minimal impact?

A

when there is a dominant allele present to mask the deleterious recessive allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

barriers that make allopatric speciation possible

A
  • ocean
  • mountains
  • distance
  • rivers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

selection. vs. drift

A

selection occurs when genotypes differ in fitness

  • drift= small pop
  • selection=large pop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
prezygotic reproductive isolation
divergence in traits between populations that prevent fertilization from occurring
26
Hardy weinberg assumptions
- popualtion is always large - all geneotypes at a locus are equally likely to survive and reproduce - no alleles enter or leave the population - no mutation because that wouled lead to new alleles
27
speciation
new species arise, one evolutionary lineage splits into 2 or more
28
secondary contact
hybridization between two parental forms of a group that were previously separated
29
relative fitness
success of the genotype at producing new individuals standardized by the success of other genotypes in the population
30
phylogenetic strengths and weaknesses
s: - works on sexually and asexually reproducing plants, fossils and some prokaryotes - species identification based on statistically significant difference in traits w: - gene sequencing is expensive - evolution is on going
31
what is hetero superiority?
when the hetero genotype is favored above either homo genotype - can allow deleterious alleles to persist
32
smaller sample=
more sampling error
33
inbreeding depression
reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to that of outbred individuals
34
phylogentetic species concept
monophyletic based on comparison with other populations
35
When is hetero favored vs homo
Sickle cell in hetero is favored when malaria is present
36
genetic load
burden imposed by the accumulation of deleterious mutations
37
genetic locus
refers to the specific location of a gene or piece of DNA sequence on a chromosome
38
fitness
success of an organism to survive and reproduce
39
missouri collared lizards and Illinois prairie chicken - actions to prevent extinction? - genetic problems?
- brought in others from a separate population to reproduce with the endangered population - increase variation - prevent bottleneck
40
What is fixation and when does it occur?
carried by all members of the population, no genetic variation at that locus - small population due to genetic drift
41
Hardy weinberg conclusions
- allele frequency in a population will not change | - if the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q the genotype frequencies will be given by p2, pq and q2
42
evolutionary trade-offs
choice must be made bewteen multiple things that are incomaptible or an increase in one might lead to a decrease in another
43
theorems
mathematical statements that have been proven based on previously established theorems or axioms
44
average excess of fitness
the difference between the average fitness of individuals bearing the allele and the average fitness of the populations as a whole
45
evolutionary arms race
species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other
46
How can coevolution function as the engine for biodiversity?
increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological patterns
47
morphospecies concept
species designation and identification is based on morphological differences between species
48
what happens if hardy weinberg assumptions are violated?
- mutation - migration - drift - change in allele frequencies
49
Why does inbreeding depression arise?
rare recessive alleles become expressed in a homozygous state where they can detrimentally affect the performance of individuals
50
Hardy weinberg conditions
- no mutation - no selection - no migration - no genetic drift - random mating
51
endosymbionts
mutualistic organism lives within the body or cells of another organism. ex: microbe live in the digestive tract of mammals to aid in digestion
52
genetic drift problems
- loss of hetero - reduces variation - more error - bottleneck and founder effect
53
antagonisitic pleiotropy
a mutation with beneficial effects for one trait also causes detrimental effects on another trait
54
isolation by distance
pattern in which populations that live in close proximity are genetically more similar to each other than populations that live further apart
55
When does hybridization result in either reinforcement or speciation?
fertile hybrid can lead to new species | if its not successful reinforcement will occur
56
negative frequency dependent selection
when rare genotypes have higher fitness than common genotypes
57
biological weakness
w: | - doesn't work for fossils/elephants
58
symbionts
mutually beneficial relationship between two
59
extinction vortex
small population resort to inbreeding and genetic drift, leading to a loss of genetic variability
60
biological species concept
inbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated
61
mutualists
alleles favored for selection benefit rather than harm | - ex: long tongue fly eating flower nectar and passing pollen off to next flower
62
allopatric speciation
populations are in separate non overlapping geographical areas
63
coefficent of inbreeding (F)
the probability that the two alleles at any locus will be identical because of common decent
64
"use it or lose it"
use a trait or it will fossilize because its no longer needeed
65
mullerian mimicry
several harmful species resemble each other, learned avoidance of predators
66
problems and benefits of inbreeding
- in large populations rare recessive alleles can be preserved even if they're deleterious because more common dominant alleles overshadow them - rare deleterious alleles can be unmasked in homo because its more likely to have the same gene
67
gene duplication
a gene duplicates | ex: down syndrome
68
examples of prezygotic reproductive isolation
- mechanical isolation: incompatible genitalia - behavioral isolation: different dances - temporal isolation: mate at different times of year - game incompatibility: gametes fuse but zygote dies
69
antagonists
generate negative frequency-dependent selection on each other ex: Newts TTS, garter snakes get resistance to it, but Newts get more TTS
70
genetic drift results from...
sampling error
71
inversion
chromosome pops apart rearranges and goes back together | ex: hunter syndrome
72
founders effect
new populations started by a smaller number of people, causes genetic drift
73
population size and mutation impact
small population= larger mutation impact
74
somatic mutation
- affects cell in the body of an organism | - not heritable
75
collapse of a dynasty
- Hapsburgs marry within extended family - 1st cousins marry - charles was so inbred he was infertile - only half of children lived to be 1
76
cryptic species
Species look alike but are genetically different
77
sampling error
a small subset of the genetic diversity of the source population is likely to be included in the new population. and the relative freqeuncies of these alleles may be very different from what they had been before
78
insertion
a base is inserted into the genome | ex: huntingtons disease
79
germ-line mutations
- affect gametes - heritable - relevant to evolution

BIO 303 exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions