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Attention And Performance > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Idea that cognition depends not only on the mind but also on the physical constraints of the body

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2
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Area of extremely high density of photoreceptors in the eye

Portion of retina that light falls onto when you focus your gaze on something

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3
Q

When do we use the fovea

A

Directed looking, vast majority of Vision is here

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4
Q

Overt attention

A

Attending to something by looking at it

Play major role in everyday attention

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5
Q

Covert attention

A

Attending to something without looking at it

Looking out the corner of your eye

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6
Q

Foveated rendering

A

Changes resolution of the image, depending on where someone is looking at that moment

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7
Q

Saccade

A

Rapid movement

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8
Q

Fixation

A

Brief pauses

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9
Q

Bottom-up determinants of our eye movements

A

Refer to the fact that certain physical properties are more “eye-catching”
High contrast, bright colors, movement

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10
Q

Top-down determinants of our eye movements

A

Refer to the fact that we have knowledge and goals which affect attention

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11
Q

Mind seems to cause our eyes to focus on specific areas

A

Goals

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12
Q

Brain regions involved in controlled eye movements

A

Frontal eye fields, frontal lobe

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13
Q

Brain regions involved in reflexive ones

A

Superior colliculus, midbrain near thalamus

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14
Q

Controlled eye movements

A

Endogenous

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15
Q

Reflexive eye movements

A

Exogenous

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16
Q

What are regressions with respect to eye movements in reading

A

Right to left movements of the eye ( going back to previously read text)

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17
Q

When do regressions tend to occur?

A

When we don’t understand something

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18
Q

Which words do our eyes tend to skip over

A

Highly predictable words

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19
Q

Under what conditions are saccades shorter versus longer

A

Smaller jumps when material is difficult, words are long, usually, or mis-spelled

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20
Q

Differences in eye movements between skilled readers and poor readers

A

Good readers make larger jumps
Make fewer regressions
Have shorter fixations

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21
Q

Moving window technique

A

Certain eye trackers can make a certain distance from the fixation point change to X

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22
Q

Mindless reading

A

As people become fatigued (or bored) they sometimes engage in mindless reading
Eyes moving across page but nothing really sinking in

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23
Q

What happens if only one letter is colored in the Stroop Task

A

Much less interference

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24
Q

Important results of Durgin’s modified Stroop Task

A

Demonstrated a reverse Stroop effect

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25
Q

Attention capture

A

Diversion of attention by a stimulus so powerful that it compels us to notice it, even when attention is focused elsewhere

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26
Q

Stimuli that tends to capture our attention

A

Loud noises
Threatening stimuli
Face
Bodies

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27
Q

Results of attention capture

A

Spider was more likely to be noticed, than the syringe during Attention trials

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28
Q

Idea of attention capture study

A

Evolutionary important and common stimuli will be more readily noticed
Spider– ancient threat to well being
Syringe– modern,learned threat

29
Q

Pattern of results for faces, bodies, shapes, guns, cars, phones

A

80 % likely to notice if it is a human face or body

20% for cars, gun, phones

30
Q

Exogenous attention —> attention capture

A 
Automatic attraction by something usual or sudden or important stimuli
Outside oneself
Loud noises
Threatening stimuli
Faces
Bodies
31
Q

Endogenous attention

A

Conscious decision to selectively attend to or scan for certain things
From within
Where’s Waldo ?

32
Q

Most associated with attention capture

A

Exogenous

33
Q

Involves more top-down processing

A

Endogenous

34
Q

Involves more bottom-up

A

Exogenous

35
Q

Type of cue with exogenous

A

Peripheral

36
Q

Type of cue endogenous

A

Central

37
Q

2 streams orienting attention network

A

Dorsal

Ventral

38
Q

Type of stream associated with endogenous

A

Dorsal

39
Q

Type of stream associated with ventral

A

Exogenous

40
Q

Brain regions involved in dorsal stream

A

Frontal eye fields

Intraparietal sulcus

41
Q

Brian regions involved with ventral stream

A

Ventral frontal cortex

Temporoparietal junction

42
Q

Function frontal eye fields

A

Voluntary eye movements

43
Q

Function intraparietal sulcus

A

Visually guided action, visual attention

44
Q

Function ventral frontal cortex

A

Stimulus characteristics, risk, fear

45
Q

Function temporoparietal junction

A

Integrates information from external environment as well as within the body

46
Q

Endogenous (top-down) attention gives us incredible flexibility in allocating our attention

A

System helps us tune out distractors, formulate goals

47
Q

Exogenous (bottom-up) attention gives us incredible flexibility in allocating our attention

A

Circuit breaking function –> helps us notice other information
E.g. Someone yelling fire, allows flexibility of attention otherwise we’d be stuck in our task

48
Q

Conclusion about divided attention from this research

A

People are rapidly switching their focus on their attention
Some people make more rapid switches, so they miss fewer numbers, but still switching
No such thing as multitasking

49
Q

Processing capacity

A

Amount of information that a person can handle process at that time

50
Q

Cognitive load

A

Amount of cognitive resources required to perform a particular task

51
Q

low road

A

Require relatively few cognitive resources

52
Q

High load

A

Require greater amounts of our limited cognitive resources

53
Q

How talking on a cell phone affects our performance

A

Walk slower
Change direction more often
Weave More
Acknowledge others less
Slightly more likely to be involved in collisions
More than twice as likely to in-attentional blindness

54
Q

Do smart phones make it easier or harder to resist the urge to multitask

A

Harder

55
Q

Multitasking decreases performance in hours

A

2.1 hours per day

56
Q

Multitasking IQ

A

Lowers by 10 points

57
Q

multitasking marijuana effects

A

2 x effect

58
Q

Do students using laptops in class usually use them for school

A

No 62% of web pages opened by students are unrelated to course content
On average 65 new screen windows per lecture

59
Q

Task switching

A

Sometimes the decision you need to make is the same, sometimes its a switch

60
Q

switch cost

A

General phenomenon of performance being worse for a period of time immediately after a switch

61
Q

super-tasker

A

Person who thinks they are among everyone else not adversely affected my multitasking

62
Q

Percent of people qualify as super-tasked

A

2%

63
Q

Filtering irrelevant distractions

A

Are 2 rectangles in same position

64
Q

Working memory (n-back) task

A

Identity if current item is same as the item “n” items ago

65
Q

Task switching

A

If a letter is it a vowel or consonant, number even or odd

66
Q

implicit

A

High multitasking rely on shallow implicit memory, gut feeling

67
Q

explicit

A

Can actually recall, memory codes

68
Q

Does talking on phone affect driving performance

A

20% slower to hit the breaks

Missed 2x as many red lights

Attention And Performance (1 decks)

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