Exam 2

Question 1

Embodied cognition

Answer 1

Idea that cognition depends not only on the mind but also on the physical constraints of the body

Question 2

Fovea centralis

Answer 2

Area of extremely high density of photoreceptors in the eye

Portion of retina that light falls onto when you focus your gaze on something

Question 3

When do we use the fovea

Answer 3

Directed looking, vast majority of Vision is here

Question 4

Overt attention

Answer 4

Attending to something by looking at it

Play major role in everyday attention

Question 5

Covert attention

Answer 5

Attending to something without looking at it

Looking out the corner of your eye

Question 6

Foveated rendering

Answer 6

Changes resolution of the image, depending on where someone is looking at that moment

Question 7

Saccade

Answer 7

Rapid movement

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

Brief pauses

Question 9

Bottom-up determinants of our eye movements

Answer 9

Refer to the fact that certain physical properties are more “eye-catching”
High contrast, bright colors, movement

Question 10

Top-down determinants of our eye movements

Answer 10

Refer to the fact that we have knowledge and goals which affect attention

Question 11

Mind seems to cause our eyes to focus on specific areas

Answer 11

Goals

Question 12

Brain regions involved in controlled eye movements

Answer 12

Frontal eye fields, frontal lobe

Question 13

Brain regions involved in reflexive ones

Answer 13

Superior colliculus, midbrain near thalamus

Question 14

Controlled eye movements

Answer 14

Endogenous

Question 15

Reflexive eye movements

Answer 15

Exogenous

Question 16

What are regressions with respect to eye movements in reading

Answer 16

Right to left movements of the eye ( going back to previously read text)

Question 17

When do regressions tend to occur?

Answer 17

When we don’t understand something

Question 18

Which words do our eyes tend to skip over

Answer 18

Highly predictable words

Question 19

Under what conditions are saccades shorter versus longer

Answer 19

Smaller jumps when material is difficult, words are long, usually, or mis-spelled

Question 20

Differences in eye movements between skilled readers and poor readers

Answer 20

Good readers make larger jumps
Make fewer regressions
Have shorter fixations

Question 21

Moving window technique

Answer 21

Certain eye trackers can make a certain distance from the fixation point change to X

Question 22

Mindless reading

Answer 22

As people become fatigued (or bored) they sometimes engage in mindless reading
Eyes moving across page but nothing really sinking in

Question 23

What happens if only one letter is colored in the Stroop Task

Answer 23

Much less interference

Question 24

Important results of Durgin’s modified Stroop Task

Answer 24

Demonstrated a reverse Stroop effect

Question 25

Attention capture

Answer 25

Diversion of attention by a stimulus so powerful that it compels us to notice it, even when attention is focused elsewhere

Question 26

Stimuli that tends to capture our attention

Answer 26

Loud noises Threatening stimuli Face Bodies

Question 27

Results of attention capture

Answer 27

Spider was more likely to be noticed, than the syringe during Attention trials

Question 28

Idea of attention capture study

Answer 28

Evolutionary important and common stimuli will be more readily noticed Spider-- ancient threat to well being Syringe-- modern,learned threat

Question 29

Pattern of results for faces, bodies, shapes, guns, cars, phones

Answer 29

80 % likely to notice if it is a human face or body | 20% for cars, gun, phones

Question 30

Exogenous attention ---> attention capture

Answer 30

``` Automatic attraction by something usual or sudden or important stimuli Outside oneself Loud noises Threatening stimuli Faces Bodies ```

Question 31

Endogenous attention

Answer 31

Conscious decision to selectively attend to or scan for certain things From within Where's Waldo ?

Question 32

Most associated with attention capture

Answer 32

Exogenous

Question 33

Involves more top-down processing

Answer 33

Endogenous

Question 34

Involves more bottom-up

Answer 34

Exogenous

Question 35

Type of cue with exogenous

Answer 35

Peripheral

Question 36

Type of cue endogenous

Answer 36

Central

Question 37

2 streams orienting attention network

Answer 37

Dorsal | Ventral

Question 38

Type of stream associated with endogenous

Answer 38

Dorsal

Question 39

Type of stream associated with ventral

Answer 39

Exogenous

Question 40

Brain regions involved in dorsal stream

Answer 40

Frontal eye fields | Intraparietal sulcus

Question 41

Brian regions involved with ventral stream

Answer 41

Ventral frontal cortex | Temporoparietal junction

Question 42

Function frontal eye fields

Answer 42

Voluntary eye movements

Question 43

Function intraparietal sulcus

Answer 43

Visually guided action, visual attention

Question 44

Function ventral frontal cortex

Answer 44

Stimulus characteristics, risk, fear

Question 45

Function temporoparietal junction

Answer 45

Integrates information from external environment as well as within the body

Question 46

Endogenous (top-down) attention gives us incredible flexibility in allocating our attention

Answer 46

System helps us tune out distractors, formulate goals

Question 47

Exogenous (bottom-up) attention gives us incredible flexibility in allocating our attention

Answer 47

Circuit breaking function --> helps us notice other information E.g. Someone yelling fire, allows flexibility of attention otherwise we'd be stuck in our task

Question 48

Conclusion about divided attention from this research

Answer 48

People are rapidly switching their focus on their attention Some people make more rapid switches, so they miss fewer numbers, but still switching No such thing as multitasking

Question 49

Processing capacity

Answer 49

Amount of information that a person can handle process at that time

Question 50

Cognitive load

Answer 50

Amount of cognitive resources required to perform a particular task

Question 51

low road

Answer 51

Require relatively few cognitive resources

Question 52

High load

Answer 52

Require greater amounts of our limited cognitive resources

Question 53

How talking on a cell phone affects our performance

Answer 53

Walk slower Change direction more often Weave More Acknowledge others less Slightly more likely to be involved in collisions More than twice as likely to in-attentional blindness

Question 54

Do smart phones make it easier or harder to resist the urge to multitask

Answer 54

Harder

Question 55

Multitasking decreases performance in hours

Answer 55

2.1 hours per day

Question 56

Multitasking IQ

Answer 56

Lowers by 10 points

Question 57

multitasking marijuana effects

Answer 57

2 x effect

Question 58

Do students using laptops in class usually use them for school

Answer 58

No 62% of web pages opened by students are unrelated to course content On average 65 new screen windows per lecture

Question 59

Task switching

Answer 59

Sometimes the decision you need to make is the same, sometimes its a switch

Question 60

switch cost

Answer 60

General phenomenon of performance being worse for a period of time immediately after a switch

Question 61

super-tasker

Answer 61

Person who thinks they are among everyone else not adversely affected my multitasking

Question 62

Percent of people qualify as super-tasked

Answer 62

2%

Question 63

Filtering irrelevant distractions

Answer 63

Are 2 rectangles in same position

Question 64

Working memory (n-back) task

Answer 64

Identity if current item is same as the item "n" items ago

Question 65

Task switching

Answer 65

If a letter is it a vowel or consonant, number even or odd

Question 66

implicit

Answer 66

High multitasking rely on shallow implicit memory, gut feeling

Question 67

explicit

Answer 67

Can actually recall, memory codes

Question 68

Does talking on phone affect driving performance

Answer 68

20% slower to hit the breaks | Missed 2x as many red lights