Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex
speech
planning and impulse control
Phones Gage
Metal rod in head during transcontinental RailRoad
Aphasias
problems with speech and language
Broca’s
speaking (broken speech)
Wernike’s
understanding speech
Frontal Lobotomy
Egas Moniz and Walter Freeman
Separate frontal lobe from the rest of the body
Split Brain Procedure
2 1/2s of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
Tachistoscope
lateralization in the brain of these patients in various areas
Left vs Right hemisphere
Sensation
activation of receptors in various sense organs
Perception
Sensations are organized and interpreted
Subliminal messages
stimuli presented below level of conscious perception of its presence
James Vicary- “eat popcorn” and “drink coke”
Backmasking
recorded message which has o meaning unless played in reverse
Absolute Threshold
weakest stimulation of the sense that is detected 50% of the time when presented
Just noticeable difference
smallest change between multiple stimuli that is perceived 50% of the time
Werner’s Law
always a constant percentage change rather than a constant amount change
ex. 50 and 51 pound weights vs 1 and 2 pound weights
Habituation (cognitive)
brain stops attending to constant, unchanging auditory stimuli
Sensory adaptation (biological)
sensory receptors becomes less responsive with time when exposed to non auditory
Selective attention
focus on specific aspects and ignoring others
change blindness
failure to detect important changes when our attention is engaged elsewhere in the task (painting video)
Path of light in eye
Cornea-Iris-Pupil-Lens
Fovea
point of central focus
Retina
back surface
3 layers of retina
Ganglion cells, bipolar neurons, rods/cones
More rods or cones?
MORE RODS
Rods vs cones
Rods- dark
Cones- light/color blindness
Pathway of sensory info
Optic nerve-Optic chasm-Thalamus-Visual Cortex
ventral stream
downward “what”
Dorsal Stream
upward “where”
motion blindness
damaging dorsal pathway (Akinetopsia)
Brightness
amplitude
Color
wavelength
Red- longer
Blue- shorter
Subtractive coloring
removing wavelength of light being reflected (black)
Additive coloring
increasing wavelength of light (white)
Young and Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
3 main types of cones
Color is red, green and blue
processing at retinal level
Karl E. Hering’s opponent processing theory
colors are arranged in specific order
ex. look at a picture for a long time, then go to white screen. different colors, same picture
Cortical level
Retinal theory
perception of color not only based on wavelength, but it also includes interpretation of the visual information
Peter Tripp
Wakeathon
awake for 8 days
Preservation theory
animals evolved sleep patterns based on predatory/prey designations
maturation theory
sleep provides our body with focus and growth
restorative theory
sleep provides a rejuvenation period to replenish everything
memory storage theory
sleep effectively organizes memories and experiences from the day
circadian rhythm
24 hour body cycle
zeitgeberes
cues to help entrain our rhythm
ex. sunlight/sound
suprachiasmatic nucleaus
internal clock tells people to wake/fall
ploysomnograph
analyzes our sleep
EMG- muscles
EEG- brain waves
Beta waves
smaller/faster (awake)
Alpha waves
larger/slower (light sleep)
Stage N1 (light sleep)
theta waves
Stage N2 (medium sleep)
temperature, breathing and heart rate decreases
Sleep spindles and K complxes
Stage N3 (deep sleep)
delta waves (slow)
REM sleep
experiences of dreaming
paradoxical sleep
dysomnias
difficulty falling asleep
Insomnia
difficulty maintaining sleep
sleep apnea
periods of suffocation during sleep
parasomnias
sleep difficulties where the problem is associated with a specific stage of sleep
somnambulism
sleep walking
REM behavior disorder
failure to inhibit muscles during REM sleep
night terrors
hard to wake up and usually within a hour of falling asleep
nightmare
late in sleep cycle
sleep talking
light stages of sleep
psychoanalytic approach
sketchpad to play our deepest desires
manifest content
reflection of dream itself
latent content
underlying meaning hidden
AIM model
reflect the brain trying to make sense of random firing
cognitive theory
dreams provide context to problem solve current issues in our life
lucid dreaming
frontal lobe is asleep, but wakes up during this time period
classical conditioning
creates associations between multiple stimuli
Pavlov
discovred classing conditioning through salivary reflexes with dogs
unconditioned stimulus
automatically triggers an involuntary response
unconditioned response
elicited by stimulus without any learning needed
conditioned stimulus
response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
after conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
generalization
new stimulus resembling the original elicits a response c similar to CR
ex. bell to metronome
extinction
wearing relationship between CR and CS until the CR eventually disappears
spontaneous recovery
CR securing after a time delay
higher order conditioning
stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus
Little Albert
Watson used classical conditioning to create a fear of rats to 11 month old baby
conditioned taste aversion
nauseation sometime after eating a certain food
Dr. Garcia and radiated rats
rats did not drink sweetened water after exposed to radiation
anagrams
re-arraging order of letters to make a real word
learned helplessness
fail to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
Seligman’s shock box
operant conditioning
voluntary behavior based on experienced consequences
Edward Thorndike’s puzzle box
Law of effect
consequences of behavior are beneficial, then it will be repeated
skinner box
controlled environment for training animal behavior
shaping behavior
rewarding successive approximations of desired behavior
reinforcement
stimulus weakens probability of the response that it follows
punishment
stimulus weakens the probability of the response that it follows
positive reinforcement
addition of pleasurable stimulus to increase behavior
negative reinforcement
removal of aversive stimulus to increase the behavior
positive punishment
addition of unpleasant stimulus to decrease the behavior
negative punishment
removal of pleasurable stimulus to decrease the behavior