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Exam 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Anabolic

A

Requires energy, complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones

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2
Q

Catabolic

A

Releases energy, complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones

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3
Q

ATP

A

Supplies energy for cell activities, bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are high energy, if one is broken energy is released

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4
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

Substance loses electrons, releases energy

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5
Q

Reduction reaction

A

Substance gains electrons, requires energy

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Uses CO2 and H2O, C is reduced, occurs in photosynthetic autotrophs, solar energy-> chemical energy

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Releases CO2 and H2O, C is oxidized, occurs in eukaryotic, chemical energy released from sugars and stored in ATP

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8
Q

Light dependent reactions occur where

A

Thylakoids

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9
Q

Carbon fixation reactions occur where

A

Stroma

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10
Q

Antenna complex

A

Pigment molecules, funnels the energy from light to the reaction center

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11
Q

Reaction center

A

A special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and some proteins, absorbs energy to drive photochemical reactions

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12
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Chlorophyll a in the reaction center are called p700, optimal absorption peak at 700 mm

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13
Q

Photosystem 2

A

The chlorophyll a is called p680, optimal absorption at 680 nm

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14
Q

Process of electron from photosystem 2

A

Excited electron from p680 is transferred to electron acceptor called pehophytin, becomes oxidized and is positive, it replaces its lost electrons one at a time by extracting from water, liberates O2 and generates a proton gradient across thylakoid membrane

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15
Q

Process of photophosphorylation

A

Proton motive force drives protons out of thylakoid lumen and in stroma via ATP synthesis, light excites electron p700, passed down ETC, results in NADPH

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16
Q

Products of light reactions

A

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy, in the form of ATP and NADPH, produces oxygen (noncyclic)

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17
Q

Cyclic Photo phosphorylation

A

Photosystem 1 can operate alone, electrons are shunted through acceptors in PSI and PSII in the ETC, results in proton motive force that generates ATP, no H2O, O or NADPH

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18
Q

Calvin cycle requires

A

More ATP than NADPH 3:2

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19
Q

Noncyclic photophoshphorylation produces

A

ATP & NADPH in equal amounts

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20
Q

Cyclic photophoshphorylation is needed

A

To produce extra ATP for carbon fixation

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21
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The energy captured by the light reactions will be used to fix carbon to synthesize simple sugars

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22
Q

CO2 + Rubisco

A

Carboxylase

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23
Q

O2 + rubisco

A

Oxygenate

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24
Q

Photorespiration

A

Loses as much at 50% of carbon fixed in photosynthesis

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25
Photorespiration is highest when
Plants are exposed to hot dry conditions
26
Pathways to reduce photorespiration
C4 and CAM
27
Typical photosynthesis: | Alternative pathways:
1- C3 | 2- C4 and CAM
28
Reducing photorespiration
Separate rubisco from O2, fix CO2 with a different enzyme (PEP carboxylase), C4- space, rubisco active only in structures with low O2. CAM- time, rubisco active only at night when stomata are closed
29
Plant development- features that maximize the ability of plants to obtain resources
Meristems Post embryonic organ formation Differential growth
30
Key factors of plant development
Environmental cues, receptors(photoreceptors), hormones, regulatory proteins and enzymes
31
How was auxin first discovered
In the context of phototropism-plants grow towards a light source
32
Photoreceptors
Detect changes in quality and direction of light and day length, proteins associated with pigments, light acts directly on them
33
Plant hormones
Auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins, brassinosteriods
34
Auxin results in
phototropism
35
transport of auxin
Polar: Unidirectional towards the base via vascular parenchyma cells Nonpolar: via sieve tubes of phloem
36
Auxin functions
Promote cell expansion, apical dominance, vascular tissue differentiation, induction and arrangement of leaves, lateral and adventitious root formation, fruit development, delay leaf abscission
37
Cytokinins function
Most important regulators of cell division
38
Ethylene function
Inhibits cell expansion including growth of tissues, promotes fruit maturation, fruit and leaf abscission and senescence
39
Abscisic acid function
Prevent seed germination, root to shoot signal
40
Gibberellins function
Stem growth, promote seed germination, bolting, fruit development
41
Brassinosteroids function
Cell elongation
42
Tropism
Growth of the plant in response to external stimuli Positive- towards stimulus Negative- away from stimulus
43
Phototropin functions
Blue receptor, blue light trigger phototrophic response
44
Gravitropism
Growth in response to gravity
45
Starch-statolith hypothesis
When root cap is removed from root tip, the root does not respond to gravity, gravity sensing cells are in the root cap
46
Auxin in gravitropism
After root cap is removed, auxin is relocated to the lower side of the root, it inhibits cell elongation, root bends downward
47
Thigmotropism
Growth in response to touch (coiling of tendrils)
48
Phytochrome
Red light receptor, exists in two confrontations- red might and far red light, acts as a on/off switch
49
Constitutive defense
Always present | Cutie, suberin, waxes
50
Induced defense
Produced in response to damage or stress | Deposit more polymers in cell wall, reinforces mechanical barrier and blocks plasmodesmata
51
Biotic stress
Pathogens and herbivores
52
Abiotic stress
Water, temperature, salt
53
General and specific immune responses
Formation of reactive oxygen and nitric oxide, callose deposition, hormone signaling, changes in gene expression
54
Mechanical defense against herbivory
Trichomes, spines, thorns, toughness of tissues
55
Chemical defenses of herbivory
Nitrogen containing, nitrogen-sulfur, phenolics, terpenes
56
Signaling between plants
Elicitors- derived from herbivore, interact with receptors
57
Jasmonic acid hypothesis
When a plant is damaged, jasmonic acid is released which helps release and transcription factor that codes genes for an inhibitor
58
Adaptation
Evolutionary process by which organisms become better suited to their environments
59
Acclimation
A reversible change in the morphology or physiology of an organism in response to environmental change
60
Drought stress on plants
Closed stomata = low photosynthesis, inability to grow and elongate cells
61
Drought avoidance
Desert annual plants, complete life cycle in wet season, exist as seed in dry season
62
Drought acclimation
Abscisic acid: hormone produced in roots in response to low water potential, close stomata
63
Saturated soils
Pneumatophores-air roots | Aerenchyma- tissue containing air spaces
64
Temperature stress
Heat- destabilizes proteins, denatures membranes | Cold- loss of membrane fluidity, ice crystal damage
65
Temperature stress acclimation
Heat: heat shock proteins, reduce denaturation Cold: cold hardening- increase fatty acids in membranes, antifreeze proteins
66
Salt accumulation
Halophytes- plants adapted to saline environments, active salt excretion from leaves
67
Heavy metal stress
Hyper-accumulators- increase ion transport from roots to leaves, toxicity resistance
68
When ADP gains a phosphate to form ATP, energy is release
False
69
In light dependent reactions, water is split in ?
Photosystem 2
70
What does not occur during the Calvin cycle
Oxygen is produced
71
Which photosynthetic pathway requires rubisco to produce sugars
C3 C4 and CAM
72
The movement of auxin is said to be polar which means that auxin
Is primarily transported in only one direction in the plant
73
What is affected by auxin
Leaf abscission, phototropism, fruiting
74
Which is not affected by auxin
Flowering
75
A researcher who wishes to experimentally manipulate leaf abscission would apply ____ to promote and ____ to delay it
Ethylene; auxin
76
Seed germination is inhibited by ___ but promoted by __
ABA; gibberellin
77
Auxin is redistributed from the lighted side to the shaded side of a stem, triggering cell elongation on the lighted side
False
78
Phytoalexins are always present in plants
False
79
If a plant that exhibited gene for gene resistance to some Fungi is killed by a novel fungus, the R genes did not match the fungus'
AVR gene
80
Which photosynthetic pathway has the highest water use efficiency and is adapted to the most severe drought stress
CAM
81
Which is an acclimation to drought in plants
Close stomata more frequently
82
Increase alkaloids in new leaves of a plant are constitutive chemical defense
False
83
Plants adapted to one tube of abiotic stress are usually poorly adapted to other types of abiotic stress
False
84
During the CC, carbon dioxide is fixed by bonding to
Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
85
What occurs in light independent reactions
CO2 is fixed
86
Majority of land plants have C4 photosynthetic strategy
False
87
ABA is involved in leafs abscission
False
88
Directional growth of plants in response to tough is called
Thigmotropism
89
What is affected by phototropin
Growth toward light in a germinating plant
90
Typically plants will respond to pathogen damage by repairing the damaged tissue
False

Botany (1 decks)

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