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AVS 222 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

a. Name the four stages of folliculogenesis?
b. Which stage is highly dependent on FSH hormone?
c. Which stage is FSH independent and LH dependent?

A

a. recruitment, selection, dominance, atresia
b. recruitment & selection
c. dominance

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2
Q

Name three specific functions of luteinizing hormone (LH) . Also describe what causes preovulatory surge of LH.

A

LH - CL growth and maintenance, testosterone and progesterone synthesis, follicle growth and maturation, ovulation, spermiogenesis and oogenesis.
Preovulatory surge - high estradiol levels give a positive feedback on the surge center releasing a high amount of GnRH and LH

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3
Q

True or False

During the follicular phase the dominant ovarian structure is follicle and the dominant steroid hormone is progesterone.

A

False, estrogen

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4
Q

True or False

The predominant steroid hormone during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle is progesterone.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False

During the late follicular phase, the surge of estrogen must occur after LH surge in order for ovulation to occur.

A

False, before

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6
Q

True or False

Ovulation occurs at the end of follicular phase and LH is responsible for this event.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False

If the embryo is present, then the embryo signals the uterus and as a result PGF2alpha will be inhibited.

A

True

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8
Q

During _____ - phase of the estrous cycle, theca interns and granulosa cells undergo a dramatic transformation (remodeling). Transformation of these cells is governed by _____ hormone and as a result theca and granulosa cells become _____ and _____ respectively. The main function of these new transformed cells is to synthesize and secrete _____ hormone.

A 
Metestrus
LH
Small luteal cells 
Large luteal cells
Progesterone
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9
Q

_____ leydig cells secretion.

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

_____ cells that become large luteal cells after ovulation.

A

Granulosa cells

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11
Q

_____ causes an increase in Ca+2 influx into cells of the corpus luteum.

A

Prostaglandin F2alpha

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12
Q

_____ fusion of male and female pronuclei

A

Syngamy

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13
Q

_____ enzyme responsible for ZP digestion

A

Acrosin

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14
Q

_____ where spermatids can be found

A

Adluminal compartment

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15
Q

_____ enzyme responsible for breakdown of follicular wall

A

Collagenase

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16
Q

_____ it is called the one cell embryo

A

Zygote

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17
Q

_____ regressing corpus luteum (last few days of estrous cycle)

A

Corpus albicans

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18
Q

Given that the length of the whole process of spermatogenesis is 39 days in the boar, what is the length of the seminiferous tubule cycle of this species?

A

39/4.5 = 8.67 days

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19
Q

In the Bull the duration of spermatocytogenesis is approximately 21-22 days, what is the duration of spermatocytogenesis in the boar?

A

14-15 days

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20
Q

In bovine (bull) what is the duration (days) of (meiosis + spermiogenesis)?

A

D+F = 21+18 = 39 days

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21
Q

Name the four phases of the spermiogenesis in order.

A

Golgi
Cap
Acrosomal
Maturation

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22
Q

At which phase of spermiogenesis does the spermatids nucleus begin to elongate and the acrosome evenly covers the majority of the nucleus.

A

Acrosomal

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23
Q

Name the phases of the estrous cycle.

A

Follicular

Luteal

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24
Q

What major event is happening around Metestrus?

A

Follicule forms into corpus hemorrhagicum then into corpus luteum, producing progesterone increasingly

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25
What two major events are occurring in the ovary during Estrus?
Dominant follicule is maturing | Ovulation happens
26
The factor responsible for holding the primary oocyte in nuclear arrest (dictyotene). a. inhibin b. meiotic inhibitor factor c. luteinizing hormone (LH) d. FSHRH
b. meiotic inhibitor factor
27
Hormones responsible for decreasing FSH secretion (negative feed back) at the end of the follicular phase. a. progesterone b. estradiol c. inhibin d. b&c e. none of the above
d. b&c
28
The enzyme of the sperm that digests the zona pellucida. a. ZPase b. acrosin c. hydrolytic enzyme d. galactocyl transferase e. none of the above
b. acrosin
29
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of artificial insemination? a. faster genetic improvement b. disease control c. less labor required d. safety
c. less labor required
30
Before sperm from farm animals can fertilize an ovum they must undergo a process called. a. awakening b. decapacitation c. capacitation d. spermiation e. cytogenesis
c. capacitation
31
The site of species specificity in sperm penetration of the egg is the a. sperm itself b. vitelline membrane of the egg c. corona radiata d. zona pellucida e. pre - vitelline membrane
d. zona pellucida
32
Which of the following hormone is important for estrous behavior a. progesterone b. inhibin c. estrogen d. prostaglandin f2alpha e. FSH
c. estrogen
33
Which of the following is involved in the processes of apoptosis? a. calcium b. potassium c. phosphorous d. sodium
a. calcium
34
Mare - length of estrus (heat)
7 days
35
Mare - length of the estrous cycle
21 days
36
Cow - length of estrus (heat)
15 hours
37
Cow - length of the estrous cycle
21 days
38
Sheep - length of estrus (heat)
30 hours
39
Sheep - length of the estrous cycle
17 days
40
During the process of fertilization sperm binds to a specific binding site _____, which surrounds the oocyte. After sperm binds with this region, it undergoes _____ process, which releases the _____ enzyme. After a spermatozoa penetrates the outer layer of the oocyte, it binds to the _____. The binding of the equatorial segment of the sperm to this membrane leads to a reaction that is commonly know as the _____. The primary function of this reaction is to _____.
``` Zona Pellucida Acrosomal reaction Acrosin Vitelline membrane Cortical reaction (vitelline block?) Stop polyspermy ```
41
Glycoprotein hormone _____ - is secreted from the anterior pituitary and affects _____ cells, which are responsible for _____ production. Meanwhile, FSH from the _____ affects _____ cells which are responsible for aromatase activity and conversion of testosterone to estradiol. As you may know, a glycoprotein hormone called _____ secreted from Sertoli cells keeps a tab on (controls) FSH secretion and acts as a part of negative feedback system for FSH.
``` LH Leydig Testosterone Anterior pituitary Sertoli Inhibin ```
42
True or False | Sperms that reach the ampulla though the sustained transport are capable of fertilizing an egg.
True
43
True or False | Decapacitation factor can be added to the sperm cells through the sperm maturation process in the epididymis
True
44
True or False | The one cell embryo is called morula
False, Zygote
45
True or False | After membrane fusion of sperm with ZP, the cortical granules undergo exocytosis and their contents are released
True
46
What is the function of the inner cell mass?
house the cells that form the mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm
47
Name two kinds of cells that surround the blastocoele.
trophoblasts | ectoderm
48
How many days after fertilization does blastocyst occur?
7-8 days
49
Please name the four steps of Oogenesis (Oocyte maturation).
1. Mitotic division of germ cells 2. Nuclear arrest 3. Cytoplasmic growth 4. Removal of oocyte meiotic inhibitor (OMI)
50
What is vesiculation?
holes develop at the points of fusion
51
Define SP10
Surface protein 10 - found on the sperm
52
What hormone can be used for superovulation?
FSH
53
I give an injection to a cow. Three days later the cow exhibited estrus (heat), What did I administer to this cow? Could you tell at which stage of the estrous cycle that injection was given?
PGF2alpha | Diestrus
54
_____ binds to receptors on granulosa cells to cause them to convert testosterone to estrogen
FSH
55
_____ follicle with single layer of granulosa cells
Primary follicle
56
_____ produced by luteal cells found in high concentration during pregnancy
Progesterone
57
_____ when the mitochondria assemble around the tail of the sperm
Maturation phase
58
_____ the phase in which golgi migrates toward the top part of the sperm cell, axoneme start to form and acrosomic vesicle start to flatten
Cap phase
59
_____ the clear mucus produced by the cow's cervix and washes the sperm out of the tract
Sulfamucin
60
Given that the length go the seminiferous tubule cycle is 12.2 days in the stallion, what is the length of the spermatogenesis in this species?
12.2 * 4.5 = 54.90 days
61
At which phase of spermiogenesis does the acrosomic vesicle flatten and proximal and distal centrioles begin to form the flagellum (axoneme)
Cap Phase
62
True or False During the Recruitment phase of the folliculogenesis cows experience a high amount of FSH low amount of LH, no inhibin, and no estradiol.
True
63
True or False | The vigor of the corpus luteum likely depends on the number of luteal cells and the degree of the CL vascularization.
True
64
True or False | Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death the is highly involved during ovulation.
False
65
True or False | LH binds it receptor on the Theca cells and stimulates testosterone synthesis
True
66
True or False | FSH binds its receptor on the Granulosa cells and initiates estradiol synthesis
True
67
True or False | Secondary Oocyte can be found only in the ovulatory follicle and before LH surge.
False
68
True or False | There is a decrease in Ca flux in luteal cells of the CL during luteolysis
False
69
True or False | The granulosa cells become large luteal cells under influence of FSH
False
70
True or False | Corpus Hemorrahgicum develops during the diestrus stage
False
71
True or False | ZP1 and ZP3 are involved with initial binding (adhesion) of the sperm to the egg
True
72
True or False | Release of acrosomal enzymes allows the sperm cells to digest its way through ZP
True
73
Where in the female reproductive tract does spermatozoa become hyperactive and what happens to the motility pattern?
Oviduct | goes from linear to frenzied and dancing motion

AVS 222 (14 decks)

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