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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Spatial analyses

A

-applied to solve a spatial problem or answer a spatial question

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2
Q

Most spatial analyses require the use of

A
  • spatial operations
  • spatial functions
  • spatial modules
  • spatial tools
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3
Q

Cartographic model

A

-chain or sequence of steps to produce desired output

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4
Q

Spatial operations

A
  • local operations
  • neighbor operations
  • global operations
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5
Q

local operations

A

-use data from individual cell or feature to derive output

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6
Q

Neighborhood operations

A

-use date from neighboring cells or feature to derive output

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7
Q

Global operations

A

-use data from all cells or features to derive output

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8
Q

Dissolve

A
  • create a new feature that removes boundaries in the old feature based on a field in the attribute table
  • best to have binary data
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9
Q

classification functions

A

-assigning new values to features or cells based on some rule (vector or dissolve or reclass)

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10
Q

Local operations steps

A
  • selection (query)
  • classification
  • overlay
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11
Q

Overlay analysis

A
  • taking two or more input layers and extracting info based on where features do or do not overlap
  • multiple criteria identify suitable sites
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12
Q

Neighborhood operations steps

A
  • distance
  • buffer
  • adjacency
  • interpolation
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13
Q

Global operations steps

A
  • statistical summary

- ranking

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14
Q

Binary images

A
  • all values are either 0 or 1

- 0 meets doesn’t meet criteria and 1 means it does

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15
Q

Map algebra

A

-using simple mathematical operations while overlaying two or more images

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16
Q

Proximity distance functions

A
  • used for developing buffers surrounding points, lines, or polygons
  • most powerful and common spatial analysis tool
  • distance based on Pythagorean formula
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17
Q

Cost surfaces

A
  • develop a layer that quantifies the cost to travel across the cell
  • cost can be monetary of it could just represent a friction surface
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18
Q

Natural resource management example of cost surfaces

A
  • locating the optimal location of laying out a new road

- forecasting the spread of a forest fire

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19
Q

Raster grid

A
  • Digital elevation model
  • digital surface model
  • digital terrain model
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20
Q

Sources of digital elevation data for spatial analysis

A
  • ground survey
  • digitizing contour maps
  • completely digital photo contours
  • laser based elevation mapping
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21
Q

LiDAR

A
  • light detecting and ranging
  • active remote sensor
  • aerial and space based platforms
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22
Q

QL1

A

-Lidar generated with highest point density
-penetrating forest canopy, geological changes, aviation
and infrastructure

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23
Q

QL2

A

-Lidar quality by less demanding
-coastal zone mgmt, conservation planning, wetlands,
soils

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24
Q

QL3

A
  • Typical Lidar acquisition

- General topographic mapping, floodplain work

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25
QL4
- Stereo Aerial images | - General topographic mapping, Orthoimage production
26
QL5
-Aerial base RADAR -Course general topographic mapping but helpful in difficult climatic areas (Alaska)
27
Single image relief displacement
-makes buildings look tilted when they're straight
28
Relief displacement
-greater displacement when further away from photo center
29
Stereo parallax
-relative shift in position of object with change iin observe location
30
Parallax bar
-tool to assist in finding heights of objects and points of equal elevation
31
LiDAR discrete
-lower energy pulses, very high pulse density/sqr meter, tree canopy penetration, many returns recorded
32
LiDAR waveform
-higher energy pulse, single wide angle pulse, return continuously
33
Types of terrain analysis
- slope - aspect - contours - Hydrologic functions - viewshed
34
Aspect is used to
- define direction water will flow - amount of sunlight a site will receive - portion of landscape visible from any viewing point
35
Aspect is
-the steepest downhill direction
36
Slope formula
-the formula with arctan, sqaure root of x + y
37
Aspect formula
-has arctan but square root of y/x instead
38
Contour function
- Reverse process of creating DEMs - output vectors are isolines - can be used with other types of continuous data other than elevation
39
Watershed delineation
- conditioned DEM - Flow direction - Flow accumulation - Stream threshold
40
Viewshed
determination of what can be seen from a set of target viewpoints
41
Sampling patterns
- systematic (uniform space) - random (no pattern) - clustered (multiple groups) - adaptive (all around one spot and branch off)
42
Spatial interpolation
-estimate values at unsampled locations using only measured values for variable of interest
43
Morans 1 statistic
-assumes the null hypothesis that attributes are randomly distributed or the observed value is chance
44
Kernel mapping
-mapping the density distribution based on attribute data from sample points
45
Steps of kernel mapping
- collect data - select kernel density function - select bandwidth
46
GNSS
- provides positioning and clock time to the terrestrial user - GLONASS, Galileo, Compass, NAVSTAR or GPS
47
GLONASS
- global navigation satellite system - Russian - consists of 24 satellites
48
Galileo
- created by European union | - 20 of a planned 30 satellites in orbit
49
NAVSTAR
- Navigational signal time and ranging (GPS) | - BLOCK 1 and 2 activated, BLOCK 3 should be activated this year
50
Satellite segment
- 20,200 km orbits | - each satellite transmits microwave signals on two separate channels (L1 and L2)
51
Control segment
-used to observe, maintain and manage the GPS satellites
52
User segment
-receive data from satellites and processes data to provide locational info
53
How GPS satellites work
-carrier signals are modulated to produce coded signals
54
Almanac data
-general location for all satellites
55
Ephemeris data
- precise position info of the satellite | - clock and location constant updates from Ground Segment
56
Location determination of GPS
- based on accurate time measurements | - lag time permits calculation of distance between receiver and satellite
57
Positional uncertainty
- Range uncertainty - Atomspheric (least) and Ionospheric delays (greatest) - Reciever clock delays - Orbital errors - Signal multipath - satellite geometry
58
How to get more accurate GPS data (point averaging )
-position the receiver over a point for a period of time and each epoch is recorded, then positions are averaged
59
WAAS
- Wide area augmentation system - makes GPS data better - uses 3 segments (ground, space, user) - originally developed for FAA applications
60
NAVSTAR 3 segments
satellite, control, user
61
Ground segment of WAAS
- 25 in US - Data relayed to WAMS via land lines - WAMS computes error
62
Space segment WAAAS
- 3 communication satellites - recieve signal from WAMS - broadcast info back to earth
63
GPS applications
- Navigation - Field digitizing and surveying - Tracking
64
Things to know when using a GPS reciever
- Need to set Datum and coordinate system | - dump data and clear tracks
65
Differential GPS
-two or more recievers -base (known point) -Rover (unknown point) Distance <100km

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