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Human Physiology Final > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the “rest and digest” functions in the body?
A.) sympathetic 
B.) parasympathetic
C.) somatic motor
D.) visceral
E.) central
A

B.) parasympathetic

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2
Q 
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” functions in the body?
A.) sympathetic 
B.) parasympathetic 
C.) somatic motor
D.) visceral 
E.) central
A

A.) sympathetic

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3
Q

Which of these brain areas contribute to the control of the autonomic output from the central nervous system?
A.) pons
B.) medulla
C.) hypothalamus
D.) A,B, and C
E.) none of these; all control the initiated in the ganglia

A

D.) A, B, and C

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4
Q

From what region of the spine do the sympathetic preganlionic neurons emerge?
A.) brain stem (cervical) and sacral
B.) thoracic
C.) lumbar
D.) B and C
E.) they emerge with cranial nerves through foramen in the skull

A

D.) B and C

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5
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system?
A.) near their target organs and tissues
B.) along the spinal cord
C.) clustered bear the sacral spinal region
D.) clustered bear the cervical spinal region

A

A.) near their target organs and tissues

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6
Q

Use the following responses for 6-10:
A.) acetylcholine
B.) norepinephrine
C.) epinephrine

  1. ) preganlionic sympathetic
  2. ) preganlionic parasympathetic
  3. ) postganlionic sympathetic
  4. ) postganlionic parasympathetic
  5. ) adrenal chromaffin cells
A
  1. ) A.) acetylcholine
  2. ) A.) acetylcholine
  3. ) B.) norepinephrine
  4. ) A.) acetylcholine
  5. ) C.) epinephrine
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7
Q 
What type of neurotransmitter receptor is expressed in the postsynaptic membranes within the autonomic ganglia?
A.) adeneregic receptor
B.) muscarinic receptor
C.) nicotinic receptor
D.) NMDA receptor
E.) GABA receptor
A

C.) nicotinic receptor

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8
Q 
What type of neurotransmitter released from autonomic neurons?
A.) axon terminals
B.) varicosities
C.) apical face of the neuron body
D.) dendrites
A

B.) varicosities

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9
Q 
Somatic motor neurons are:
A.) cholinergic
B.) adrenergic
C.) glutamatergic
D.) dopaminergic
E.) none of these
A

A.) cholinergic

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10
Q 
What generates the motor endplate potential in skeletal muscle?
A.) ryanodyne receptors 
B.) nicotinic receptors
C.) muscarinic receptors
D.) DHP receptors
E.) NMDA receptors
A

B.) nicotinic receptors

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11
Q 
What enzyme helps terminate the neurotransmitter signal in the neuromuscular junction?
A.) monoamine oxidase
B.) calcium ATPase
C.) acetylcholinesterase
D.) phospholipase 
E.) phosphodiesterase
A

C.) acetylcholinestrase

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12
Q 
What channel initially gates open in the sarcolemma to initiate calcium signaling in response to the skeletal muscle action potential?
A.) DHP receptor
B.) ryanodyne receptor
C.) nicotinic receptor
D.) I f channel
E.) NMDA receptor
A

A.) DHP receptor

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13
Q 
In all muscle fiber types, what channel gates open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++?
A.) DHP receptor 
B.) ryanodyne receptor
C.) nicotinic receptor
D.) I f channel
E.) NMDA receptor
A

B.) ryanodyne receptor

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14
Q 
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber?
A.) sarcolemma
B.) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C.) sarcomere
D.) sarcosol
E.) sarcasm
A

C.) sarcomere

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15
Q

What is the function of transverse tubules in muscle fibers?

A.) returns muscle fiber to its resting length after a contraction
B.) stores Ca++ for release by ryanodyne receptor
C.) rapidly conveys action potentials to the interior the fiber
D.) bundles of adjacent sarcomere together for mechanical strength
E.) all of these

A

C.) rapidly conveys action potentials to the interior of the fiber

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16
Q 
Which of these statements about phosphocreatine are NOT true? A.) it is used as an energy source in skeletal muscle
B.) it is created from ATP
C.) it is used to create ATP
D.) all of these statements are true
E.) none of these are true
A

D.) all of these statements are true

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17
Q 
The H zone consists of
A.) myosin only
B.) actin only 
C.) both actin and myosin
D.) nebulin only
E.) T-tubules only
A

A.) myosin only

18
Q 
The I-band consists of 
A.) myosin only
B.) actin only
C.) both actin and myosin
D.) nebulin only
E.) T-tubules only
A

B.) actin only

19
Q

Where would tropmyosin NOT be found in the sarcomere?
A.) the I-band
B.) the A-band
C.) the H- zone
D.) it’s found in all the regions of the sarcomere

A

C.) the H-zone

20
Q 
According to the sliding filament theory of a muscle contraction, what happens to the indicated bands and zones during a contraction?
A.) the A band becomes smaller 
B.) the I band becomes smaller
C.) the H zone becomes smaller
D.) B and C
E.) A, B, and C
A

D.) B and C

21
Q 
Upon its release into the skeletal muscle cytoplasm, what protein does Ca++ bind to that initiates the myosin power stroke?
A.) tropomyosin
B.) troponin C
C.) calmodulin
D.) nebulin
E.) myosin light chain kinase
A

B.) troponin C

22
Q 
What protein lies between myosin and actin that must be removed before the power stroke can be initiated
A.) tropomyosin
B.) troponin  C
C.) Titin
D.) nebulin
E.) alpha-actinin
A

A.) tropomyosin

23
Q

Myosin is an ATPase?
A.) true
B.) false

A

A.) true

24
Q 
What event initiated the power stroke in myosin after it is allowed to interact directly with actin?
A.) binding of ATP
B.) release of phosphate 
C.) release of ADP
D.) release of ATP
E.) release of GDP
A

B.) release of phosphate

25
Q

What best describes the activity within the skeletal muscle fiber phase
A.) Ca++ actively being pumped into the SR
B.) Ca++ actively being released from the SR
C.) Ca++ actively binding to troponin C
D.) Ca++ actively binding to calmodulin and MLCK
E.) myosin light chain kinase phosphate activity is very high

  1. ) latent period
  2. ) contraction phase
  3. ) relaxation phase
A
  1. ) B.) Ca++ actively being released from the SR
  2. ) C.) Ca++ actively binding to troponin C
  3. ) A.) Ca++ actively being pumped into the SR
26
Q

The speed of a contraction-relaxation cycle is dependent on the skeletal muscle fiber type. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch fibers?
A.) fast twitch fibers have a myosin isoform with faster ATPase activity
B.) fast twitch fibers have a faster Ca++ ATPase activity
C.) fast twitch fibers have fewer mitochondria than slow twitch fibers
D.) fast twitch fibers are smaller than slow twitch fibers
E.) all of these are true

A

D.) fast twitch fibers are smaller than slow twitch fibers

27
Q

Isometric contractions occur when the sarcomeres shorten and generate tension (force) but the elastic elements stretch, leading to no net muscle shortening
A.) true
B.) false

A

A.) true

28
Q 
Which muscle contractions move a load
A.) isometric
B.) isotonic
C.) isovolumic
D.) isoscoles
E.) none of these
A

B.) isotonic

29
Q 
At what point on the line is contraction isometric
A.) 12.5 kg
B.) 2.0kg
C.) 50kg
D.) 25 kg
E.) 100kg
A

C.) 50 kg

30
Q

Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding tetanus?
A.) it is sustained state of maximal muscle contraction
B.) it is due to temporal summation of muscle action potentials
C.) during tetanus, muscles can fatigue losing tension
D.) all of these are true statements

A

D.) all of these are true statements

31
Q 
For 38-41 use the following answers
A.) physic smooth muscle
B.) tonic smooth muscle
C.) single unit (unitary) smooth muscle
D.) multi-unit smooth muscles
  1. ) smooth muscle fibers that behave as a group, connected by gap junctions
  2. ) smooth muscle that is usually contracted, and whose tension is varied as needed
  3. ) smooth muscle fibers that are controlled individually, rather than a group
  4. ) smooth muscle that is usually relaxed and periodically undergoes contraction as needed
A
  1. ) C.) single unit (unitary) smooth muscle
  2. ) B.) tonic smooth muscle
  3. ) D.) multi-unit smooth muscle
  4. ) A.) phasic smooth muscle
32
Q

In contrast to strained muscle, smooth muscle can be instructed to contract and relax without changes in membrane potential
A.) true
B.) false

A

A.) true

33
Q

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) have different contractile structure than striated muscle sarcomeres. Which of the following statements are NOT true regarding these differences
A.) SMC myosin is shorter with multiple heads
B.) there is no troponin- C/ tropomyosin system in smooth muscle
C.) actin is not attracted to z discs in the SMC
D.) contractile elements are arranged orthogonal, rather than parallel to one another
E.) all of the these are true

A

E.) all of these are true

34
Q 
What would be the functional equivalent of Z discs in SMC contractile units
A.) calmodulin
B.) dense bodies
C.) intermediate filaments
D.) MLCK
E.) sarcoplasmic reticulum
A

B.) dense bodies

35
Q 
What serves as the Ca++ sensor in the SMC?
A.) troponin
B.) tropomyosin
C.) calmodulin
D.) MLCK
E.) MLC phosphatase
A

C.) calmodulin

36
Q

What functionally replaces the troponin-C/ tropomyosin step in SMC contraction?
A.) MLCK phosphorylation of myosin
B.) gating of Ca++ release from the SR
C.) MLC phosphate removal of phosphate from myosin
D.) Ca++ ATPase activation
E.) none of these

A

A.) MLCK phosphorylation OG myosin

37
Q

Which of the following do NOT contribute to SMC relaxation?
A.) SR Ca++ ATPase
B.) Sarcolemma Ca++ ATPase
C.) Na+/Ca++ exchange in the sarcolemma
D.) MLC phosphate
E.) all of these contribute to SMC relaxation

A

E.) all of these contribute to SMC relaxation

38
Q

Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated, with a similar structure; which of the following is NOT true in this regard?
A.) both have organized sarcomeres
B.) both rely on troponin C to bind to Ca++ and initiate contraction
C.) both rely on the Ca++ ATPase to aid in relaxation
D.) both exhibit calcium-induced calcium release from the SR

A

D.) both exhibit calcium-induced calcium release from the SR

39
Q

The depolarization signal initiates heart contraction occurs in the absence of neural input
A.) true
B.) false

A

A.) true

40
Q

In the cardiac action potential, what is the point of the plateau phase
A.) it allows K+ channels to catch up with the faster Na+ channels
B.) it prolongs the refractory period
C.) it prevents cardiac tetanus
D.) B and C
E.) nobody knows

A

D.) B and C

Human Physiology Final (3 decks)

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