Exam 2

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

The study of distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations

Question 2

Rate

Answer 2

Primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness

Question 3

Risk factor

Answer 3

Characteristics or events that have been shown to increase the PROBABILITY that a specific disease or illness will develop

Question 4

Epidemiologic triad

Answer 4

Model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the HOST, AGENT, and ENVIRONMENT

Question 5

In researching cases of West Nile virus in the community, the nurse explores how the interactions among people infected with this virus, mosquitoes, and the environment they share contribute to outbreaks of this disease. Which epidemiologic model is used in this case?

Answer 5

Epidemiologic triad

Question 6

Epidemiological model

Answer 6

Model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the HOST, AGENT, and ENVIRONMENT

Question 7

Web of causation

Answer 7

Epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness

Question 8

What epidemiologic model de-emphasizes the agent as the sole cause of disease while emphasizing the interplay of physical, biological, and social environments?

Answer 8

Web of causation

Question 9

John Snow

Answer 9

Best known epidemiologist of the 19th century and used population data and personal observations to investigate the epidemic of cholera

Question 10

Florence Nightingale

Answer 10

Used statistics to improve the health of England

Question 11

William Farr

Answer 11

Considered the founder of modern statistics and developed mortality surveillance systems & addressed basic epidemiologic concepts

Question 12

What was the leading cause of death in the United States in 1900?

Answer 12

Major cardiovascular-renal disease

Question 13

Modifiable risk factors

Answer 13

Lifestyle, smoking, nutrition

Question 14

Non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 14

Age, gender, genertics

Question 15

Morbidity

Answer 15

A departure from a state of physiologic or psychological well-being

Question 16

Mortality

Answer 16

The probability of death from any cause among the entire population within a given time frame

Question 17

Incidence rate

Answer 17

Measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time

Question 18

Prevalence rate

Answer 18

Measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point of time

Question 19

Relative risk ratio

Answer 19

The ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the non-exposed group

Question 20

Sensitivity

Answer 20

Ability of a test to correctly identify people who have a health problem; the probability of testing positive if the health problem is truly present

Question 21

Specificity

Answer 21

ability of a test to correctly identify people who DO NOT have a health problem; the probability of testing negative if the health problem is truly absent

Question 22

Which rate measures the number of people in a given population who have influenza at a given point in time?

A) Adjusted
B) Incidence
C) Prevalence
D) Specific

Answer 22

Prevelence

Question 23

Formula used to calculate sensitivity

Answer 23

Number of true positives /

Number of true positives + number of false negatives

Question 24

Incidence rates for groups exposed to a secondhand smoke are compared with the incidence rates for people who are not exposed to secondhand smoke. This will measure the:

A) Incidence density
B) Prevalence rate
C) Relative risk ratio
D) Specific rate

Answer 24

Relative risk ratio

Question 25

The nurse wishes to calculate the probability of persons in your county developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over the course of a year. Which measure should the nurse use?

A) Incidence density
B) Incidence rate
C) Relative risk ratio
D) Specific rate

Answer 25

Incidence rate

Question 26

Infant mortality rate

Answer 26

Number of fetal deaths in one year /

Number of live births plus fetal deaths in the same year x 1000