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Human Geography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

social construction of nature

A

conceptualizations of nature
philosophies of nature
environmental ethics

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2
Q

judeo-christian

A

pre 1500, meant a harmony between humans and nature
post 1500, emphasis on the belief that humans are granted dominion over the earth
most often associated with exploitation
responses included thoreau

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3
Q

romanticism

A

thoreau & others
all creatures are divine and deserve respect
divinity arises from participation in the natural community humans and nature are interdependent

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4
Q

philosophies of nature

A

judeo-christian
romanticism
conservation
preservationists

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5
Q

conservation

A

natural resourses should be used wisely and that humans should serve as stewards, not exploiters of natural world
george perkins marsh, gifford pinchot

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6
Q

shifting to a greener economy

A

solar
nuclear
non-carbon intensive energy sources
most economic growth is caused by energy consumption

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7
Q

impacts of global climate change on sea level

A

sea levels rising
iceburgs melting
land decreasing on coasts

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8
Q

kyoto protocol

A

Annex 1 - MDC’s
Annex 2 - LDC’s
Annex 1 had to reduce emissions (greenhouse gas emissions)
over all reduction was 5%

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9
Q

preservation

A

certain habitants / species / resources should remain off limits to human use

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10
Q

environmental ethics

A

ecofeminism
deep ecology
environmental justice

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11
Q

ecofeminism

A

patriarchy is at the center of environmental crisis
patriarchy equates women with nature, it has subordiated both
nature based spirituality
political resistance to patriarchy
seen in both core and periphery

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12
Q

deep ecology

A

based on self-realization and biospherical egalitarianism

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13
Q

self-realization

A

humans must realize they are part of the non-human world

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14
Q

biospherical egalitarianism

A

biosphere is central focus of all life

all components of nature deserve equal respect

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15
Q

environmental justice

A

views unequal impacts of environmental hazards as an extension of “structured & institutionalized” inequality in capitalist societies

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16
Q

global climate change

A

major components:

greenhouse effect & global warming

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17
Q

greenhouse effect

A

solar radiation

planetary radiation budget

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18
Q

key greenhouse gasses

A 
CO2
nitrous oxide
methane
hydrocarbons
Cloroflouracarbons
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19
Q

impacts of climate change

A 
higher temperateres in temperate regions, particularly during winter
evapotransportation increases
hydrolic cycle accelerates
some areas will be wetter / drier
increases in extreme weather
changed precipitation patterns
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20
Q

demography

A

the study of characteristics of human populations

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21
Q

tools for population geography

A 
census
vital records
measurements of population
>distribution
>density
>composition
>dynamics
age sex pyramids
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22
Q

factors of population distribution

A 
accesibility
topography
soil fertility
climate and weather
water availability and quanitity
natural resource availibity and type
political, economic, and cultural factors
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23
Q

population distribution (where people live): facts?

A

nearly the whole world live on 10% of land
most live in coastal raparin areas
90% live north of the equator
63% of land is north of the equator
most live in temperate, low lying areas with fertile soil

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24
Q

population density and composition

A

crude and arithmetic density
nutritional density
agricultural density

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25
crude / arithmetic density
total number of people divided total area
26
nutritional density
ratio between total population and amount of land under cultivation in a given area
27
agricultural density
ratio between number of agriculturalists and amount of total farmable land
28
dependency ratio
a measure of the economic impact of young and old on the more economically productive members of population
29
population dynamics
birth & fertility rates death & mortality rates demographic transition theory
30
birth & fertility rates
crude birth rate = # of live births (every year) / 1000 people in population (CBR) Total Fertility Rate: avg # of children a woman will have in child bearing years (15-49) Doubling time: how long it will take population of an area to double = 70 / growth rate
31
death and mortality rates
crude death rate = # of deaths per year to every 1000 people in population natural increase / decrease = difference between CBR + CDR infant mortality rate = # of deaths of infants (< 1 year) vs. # of live births / 1000 life expectancy = average # of years a newborn can expect to live
32
demographic transition
a model of population change in which high birth & death rates are replaced with low birth and death rates
33
population geographers
study the spatial distributions of population and the causes and consequences behind this distribution *also study changes/consequences of population changes within and among place*
34
migration
a long distance move to a new location
35
emigration
moving from a location
36
immigration
moving to a location
37
international migration
moving from 1 country to another
38
internal migration
moving within a particular country or region
39
gross migration
total # of migrants moving into and out of a place
40
net migration
gain or loss in total population as a result of migration
41
push factors
conditions to make someone move from a location
42
pull factors
conditions that influence people to move to a location
43
nature
material formation that refers to the environmental systems and processes on our planet
44
society
sum of inventions, institutions, and relationships created by humans
45
nature vs society
interaction of 2 as a focus of human knowledge
46
social construction
process by which society constructs, creates and defines and object through discourses shaped by cultural knowledge, beliefs and morality
47
conceptualizations of nature
impact = population / affluence / technology | cultural and political ecology
48
latitude
angular distance of a point on earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds (north or south of the equator)
49
longitude
angular distance of a point on Earth's surface measured in degrees, minutes and seconds (east or west of prime meridian)
50
map projection
transformation from geographic coordinate system to cartesian coordinate system
51
space
absolute space relative space >time / space compression cognitive space
52
accessibility
``` defined in terms of relative space connectivity function of economic culture and social factors ```
53
social interaction
complimentary transferability intervening opportunity
54
complimentarily spatial interaction
supply and demand > one place has goods, one place needs goods divisions of labor economies of scale
55
transferability
relational distance and ability to cover that distance varies over time time-space convergence
56
intervening opportunity
alternate origins and destinations will be: proportional to number of opportunities at destination inversely proportional to # of opposite at alternate destinations
57
spatial diffusion
``` the way things spread through space and time expansion hierarchical mixed diffusion ```
58
principles of economic location
``` material input labor processing costs distance from market transfer costs cultural and institutional factors influence of behavioral considerations ```
59
agglomeration effects
external economies | localization economies
60
cultural geography
focuses on the way in which space, place and landscapes shape culture and vice versa
61
culture
a shared set of meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life *social creations that are altered and explored*
62
folk culture
traditional practices of small groups
63
popular culture
the combination of practices and meanings produced by a large group
64
culture trait
a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular group ex: avoidance of park
65
cultural complex
combination of traits | characteristic of a particular group
66
culture region
a geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture
67
formal culture region
an area inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common (language and religion) inuit, europe
68
functional culture region
an area designed to function politically / socially / economically as a single unit germany**
69
vernacular culture regions
area perceived to exist by its inhabitants (widespread acceptance of regional name **dixie
70
types of religion
proselytic - christianity, islam, buddhism ethnic - judaism, shamanist religions monotheistic - christianity, islam, judaism polytheistic - voodoo, hinduism syncretic - umbanda
71
syncretic religions
combine elements of 2+ belief systems
72
orthodox religions
emphasize purity of faith and are not open to blending with other belief systems
73
fundamentalism
intolerance of other religions or of those that do not follow "proper ways"
74
judaism
parent religion of christianity (old testament) holy book is torah ashkenazim: eastern europe, france, germany, US mirazchim: middle east, africa sephardim: spain, portugal
75
christianity
holy book is bible western christianity: roman catholics, protestants eastern christianity: armenian church (oldest), coptic church (egypt and ethiopia), maronites (lebanon), nestorians (middle east, india) eastern orthodoxy (greece)
76
islam
word of allah revealed to muhammed in mecca - 610 AD holy book is quaran shiite sunni
77
commonalities between judaism, christianity and islam
share common cultural hearth - middle east worship same god reffered to as abrahamic religions judeo-christian - common text (old testament)
78
hinduism
``` polytheistic, but with 1 supreme god strive to locate dharma, eternal truth social castes > varna >>priests >>warriors >>merchants and craftsmen >>workers KARMA ```
79
buddhism
child religion of hinduism 4 noble truths 8 fold path of conduct state of enlightenment known as nirvana those achieved are Buddhas
80
separate languages
those that cannot be mutually understood
81
dialects
variant forms of language where mutual comprehension is possible
82
pidgin languages
occur when different lingustic groups come into contact and are characterized by small vocabs
83
creole languages
when pidgin languages acquired fuller vocabs and become native languages
84
lingua franca
language of communication and commerce over a wide area, to where it is not a mother tongue
85
bilingualism
ability to speak two languages with fluency
86
language families
tongues that are related and share a common ancestor
87
polyglot
a multilingual state
88
language families
indo-european | afro-asiatic
89
indo-european
largest and most widely spread language family | spoken on all continents
90
afro-asiatic
semitic >arabian peninsula, tigris and uphrates river valley hamitic >less common
91
North American Languages
isoglosses indicate the borders of individual words or pronunciations
92
multiple isoglosses parallel to each other
dialect boundaries are formed
93
number of languages today
5000
94
ethnicity
a socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based upon actual or perceived commonalities such as language or religion

Human Geography (2 decks)

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