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Geol 1001 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following settings is most likely to have eruptions of basalt?

  • island arcs
  • subduction beneath a thin continental plate
  • subduction beneath a thick continental plate
  • mid-ocean ridge
A

Mid-Ocean ridges

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2
Q

The most likely cause of bedding in this image is (a cliff face with curved bedding on top of more vertical bedding)…

  • wave and tide action at a beach.
  • changes in wind speed and direction.
  • changes in sea level.
  • changes in sediment supply.
A

Changes in wind speed and direction.

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3
Q 
What type of cleavage is illustrated in this figure (a rock with three planes crossing another perpendicularly)?
- two nonperpendicular directions
- three perpendicular directions
- two perpendicular directions
one direction
- three nonperpendicular directions
A

Three perpendicular directions

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4
Q

This photograph shows chalk. How is it formed?

  • Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate.
  • Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.
  • Evaporation of water in a lake or sea.
  • Precipitation from seawater early in Earth’s history.
A

Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate.

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5
Q

The boundary between these two different sedimentary layers is (dark rock horizontally layered below gray granite )…

  • weak.
  • gradational.
  • sharp.
A

Sharp

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6
Q

In this part of the Periodic Table, what type of element is are in the group that includes elements C, O, and S?

  • metals
  • silicates
  • noble gases
  • nonmetals
A

Nonmetals

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7
Q

What arrangement of atoms does this diagram illustrate (triangle with four oxygen atoms)?

  • cubic
  • tetrahedron
  • octahedron
  • dodecahedron
A

tetrahedron

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8
Q

From the answers provided, select the oldest environment represented by this rock sequence.

  • a coral reef
  • the middle of a lake
  • river system
  • steep mountain front
  • the deep ocean
A

A river system

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9
Q

The rounded clasts in this sedimentary deposit were likely transported…

  • by the wind and rounded by a rolling action during this transport.
  • by a river.
  • by a mudflow and rounded by a rolling action during this transport.
A

By a river

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10
Q

Which letter in this classification table indicates the position of basalt(chart with felsic, intermediate and mafic with coarse and fine grained sections?

  • D (Mafic coarse)
  • C (int. fine)
  • A (felsic coarse)
  • E (mafic fine)
  • B (felsic fine)
A

E , Mafic fine-grained

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11
Q

Using the stratigraphic section and photographs located in the textbook (Chapter 7 Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the yellowish-tan sandstone.

  • plant-rich swamp
  • beach and a river system
  • coral reef
  • middle of a lake
  • steep mountain front
A

Beach and a river system

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12
Q

Hot spots in oceanic settings typically produce…

  • island arcs.
  • huge caldera explosions.
  • lines or clusters of volcanic islands.
  • flood basalts in the middle of a continent.
A

lines or clusters of volcanic islands.

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13
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of continental rifts?

  • Some magmas are felsic and intermediate.
  • Heat from hot, mafic magma can melt continental crust.
  • Solid asthenosphere undergoes decompression melting.
  • All of these choices are correct.
A

All of these choices are correct.

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14
Q

Which are important ways that magma can raise through the crust?

  • through fractures that can form dikes
  • pieces of the wall rocks can break off
  • tectonic forces can help open pathways
  • magma is hotter and less dense than surrounding rocks
  • All of these choices are correct.
A

All of these choices are correct.

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15
Q

A very well-sorted sandstone with large-scale cross-bedding indicates the sand was likely…

  • deposited by a turbidity current offshore.
  • deposited by the wind in dunes.
  • deposited by water in a meandering river system.
  • deposited by water in a braided river system.
A

deposited by the wind in dunes.

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16
Q

This figure shows the formation of the Sierra Nevada batholith as magma chambers within the crust. What is the cause of melting?

  • a hot spot
  • release of water from the subducting plate
  • melting due to rising solid lithosphere
  • decompression melting
A

release of water from the subducting plate

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17
Q

Continental mantle plumes that are composed of felsic magma tend to be explosive when the Earth’s surface is reached. These explosive eruptions create…

  • fissures.
  • plutons.
  • calderas.
A

Calderas

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18
Q

Fine-grained clastic rocks are…

  • easily eroded.
  • eroded with difficulty.
  • eroded with drastically differing difficulty.
A

Easily eroded

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19
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?

  • near-surface fracturing
  • oxidation
  • thermal expansion
  • prying by plant roots
  • Frost wedging
A

Oxidation

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20
Q

What does this texture indicate about the formation of this rock (Dark rock with crystals)?

  • It formed from an explosive pyroclastic eruption.
  • The magma formed some crystals before rising closer to the surface and solidifying.
  • The magma had abundant dissolved gas.
  • The rock solidified at great depth.
A

The magma formed some crystals before rising closer to the surface and solidifying.

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21
Q

In warm, shallow, marine environments, corals and other marine life typically construct…

  • stromatolites.
  • reefs.
  • tidal flats.
A

Reefs

22
Q

Imbricated clasts in this river mean…

  • The current flowed from right to left.
  • The rocks have been shuffled by ground shaking during an earthquake.
  • The wind was blowing from left to right.
  • The rocks have slid downhill to the right.
A

The current flowed from right to left.

23
Q

This sandstone consists of well-sorted sand grains, was deposited on land, and locally contains large cross beds. What is the most likely environment in which it formed?

  • deep-water turbidity currents
  • sand dunes
  • river
  • beach next to a sea
A

sand dunes

24
Q

What does the shape of these crystals indicate about the environment in which they formed (pink crystals not uniform)?

  • They grew during an explosive volcanic eruption.
  • They formed into a space filled with water rather than solid rock.
  • They formed from cold water that was moving rapidly through the rocks.
  • They formed at great depth and under very high pressures.
A

They formed into a space filled with water rather than solid rock.

25
Q

What texture is displayed by the igneous rock in this photograph?

  • vesicles
  • breccia
  • porphyritic
  • glassy
  • None of these choices are correct.
A

Breccia

26
Q

The very common mineral shown in this photograph is commonly a pink- to cream-colored mineral with wavy, light-colored lines. It does not effervesce. What mineral is it?

  • quartz
  • biotite
  • feldspar
  • garnet
  • muscovite
A

Feldspar

27
Q

Which of the following rock types requires dissolved gas in the magma?

  • granite
  • gabbro
  • andesite
  • diorite
  • pumice
A

Pumice

28
Q

Which of the following is most likely to deposit a conglomerate?

  • braided river
  • landslide
  • steep mountain front
  • lagoon
  • sand dunes
A

Braided river

29
Q

What makes it difficult to represent the model of an atom?

  • Electrons are constantly in motion and do not truly follow orbital paths.
  • Atoms are not hard spheres with well-defined edges.
  • Electrons are too small to be shown to scale.
  • All of these choices are correct.
  • Atoms are much larger than their nuclei.
A

All of these choices are correct.

30
Q

At which point on this graph is the magma under highest pressure and temperature (temp and pressure graph)?

  • 2/1
  • 1/1
  • 3/3
  • 3/2
  • 1/2
  • 2/3
A

1/1

31
Q

The two main processes by which sediment is produced are…

  • physical and chemical weathering.
  • transportation and deposition.
  • subduction and melting.
A

physical and chemical weathering.

32
Q

Which of the following are processes that can occur in large magma chambers?

  • Crystals that form may sink or rise in the chamber.
  • All of these choices are correct.
  • A partially crystallized magma could be heated by a new, hotter magma entering the chamber.
  • Magma may partially melt the chamber’s rock walls, forming a new magma composition.
A

All of these choices are correct.

33
Q

How does the addition of water cause melting?

  • It decreases the pressure on the rocks.
  • It changes the location of the liquid-solid boundary.
  • It increases the temperature while decreasing the pressure.
  • It heats the rocks.
A

It changes the location of the liquid-solid boundary.

34
Q

Which of the rock layers in this figure was most likely deposited in a shoreline environment?

  • the reddish breccia
  • both of the tan sandstones
  • the limestone in the middle of the gray shale
  • the lowest reddish sandstone
  • All of these choices are correct.
A

both of the tan sandstones

35
Q

Which of the following is a common use of a mineral?

  • Hematite and magnetite are used for iron and steel.
  • Halite is used as salt.
  • Phosphorus is used in fertilizer.
  • Feldspar is used in ceramics.
  • All of these choices are correct.
A

All of these choices are correct.

36
Q

What happens to the majority of sediment being carried by moving water as it enters a standing body (little or no motion) of water?

  • The sediment dissolves in the water column.
  • The sediment gradually settles to the bottom.
  • The sediment remains suspended.
A

The sediment gradually settles to the bottom.

37
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement about resources in sedimentary rocks?

  • Oil and natural gas migrate down until they are trapped at depth.
  • Uranium does not commonly occur in sandstone.
  • The most important component of cement comes from siltstone.
  • Coal forms from the burial of deep-water organic shale.
  • Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures.
A

Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures.

38
Q

The most common rock in the Sierra Nevada batholith is the plutonic rock…

  • basalt.
  • granite.
  • pumice.
A

Granite

39
Q

Which number on this figure indicates heating by conduction?

  • 4, moving a pan of water away from the stove
  • 1, direct contact between the burner and the pan
  • 2, heating by thermal radiation through the air
  • 3, heated water expands and rises to the top of the pan and then cools and flows back down
A

direct contact between the burner and the pan

40
Q

What does this welded texture indicate about the formation of this rock (gray rock with lighter gray spots with small crystals)?

  • The magma had abundant dissolved gas.
  • It formed from an explosive pyroclastic eruption.
  • The rock solidified at great depth.
  • The magma formed some crystals before rising closer to the surface and solidifying.
A

It formed from an explosive pyroclastic eruption.

41
Q

A formation is defined as…

  • a rock unit that varies in composition but represents deposits from the same time period.
  • a rock unit that is distinct and laterally traceable.
  • a subunit of a sedimentary bed or bedding.
A

a rock unit that is distinct and laterally traceable.

42
Q

Which of the following sites would contain the finest grained sedimentary deposits?

  • braided river at C
  • glaciers at B
  • delta at D
  • lake at E
  • mountains at A
A

Lake at E

43
Q

The mineral halite has cube-shaped crystals because…

  • there are no planes along which the mineral can break.
  • halite is soluble in water.
  • cubes are the most common way two tetrahedron can join.
  • of the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice.
A

of the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice.

44
Q

Anions have gained electrons and so have a…

  • neutral charge.
  • negative charge.
  • positive charge.
A

negative charge.

45
Q 
Which of the letters shown on this figure would most likely be over magma related to decompression melting (B is flat land to west, A is an series of islands near B, C is mid ocean ridge, D is an elevated land mass tp east, E is behind a barrier reef near D)?
D and E
B, C, and D
C, D, and E
A, B, and C
A and B
A

A, B, and C

46
Q

Magnetite and hematite occur together in layered sedimentary rocks called…

  • magnetic stripes.
  • banded iron formations.
  • dolomitic limestones.
  • bedded oxides.
A

banded iron formations.

47
Q

How does chalk form?

  • Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.
  • Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate.
  • Precipitation from seawater early in Earth’s history.
  • Evaporation of water in a lake or sea.
A

Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate.

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crystals and clasts evaluated to classify a rock?

  • crystal/clast density
  • crystal/clast size
  • crystal/clast composition
  • crystal/clast shape
A

crystal/clast density

49
Q

In this section, a lower limestone is successively overlain by lagoon mudstone and a beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?

  • The area was experiencing a transgression.
  • Sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting colder.
  • Sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting warmer.
  • None of these choices are correct.
A

None of these choices are correct.

50
Q

What type of rock is shown in this photograph (a rock with many different minerals of different sizes and colors)?

  • crystalline rock
  • clastic rock
  • rock with minerals that are too small to see
  • None of these choices are correct.
A

clastic rock

Geol 1001 (2 decks)

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