Exam 2 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Sophocles
A
1 of 3 Greek tragedians whose plays have survived
2
Q
Aeschylus
A
1 of 3 Ancient Greek tragedians
3
Q
Euripides
A
1 of 3 tragedians
4
Q
Dionysus
A
God of grape harvest, wine, fertility, and religious ectacy of Greek mythology
5
Q
Metics
A
Resident aliens, one who didn’t have citizen rights in his Greek city-state or residence
6
Q
Hetairai
A
High class prostitutes
7
Q
Pericles
A
General of Athens during the golden age, most influential Greek statesman
8
Q
Pausanias:
A
Spartan, scion of the royal house of agiads
9
Q
Strategos:
A
military general
10
Q
Aristophanes
.
A
comic playwright of ancient athens
11
Q
Menander
A
greek dramatist and the best known representative of Athenian new comedy.
12
Q
Socrates.
A
classical greek (Athenian) philosopher
13
Q
Philemon
A
Athenian poet and playwright of the new comedy
14
Q
Diphilus:
A
poet of new attic comedy and contemporary of Menander.
15
Q
Aspasia
A
influential immigrant to classical era Athens, who was the lover and partner of the statesman pericles
16
Q
Thucydides
A
Athenian historian, political philosopher and general. Wrote the history of the Peloponnesian war
17
Q
Demagogues
A
political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument
18
Q
Alcibiades
A
prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. Lived in Sparta, he fled to Sparta; changed his political allegiance.
19
Q
The 400
A
took power in Athens during the Peloponnesian war
20
Q
The 30
A
were a pro-spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after its defeat in the Peloponnesian war. They were elected as a government, they maintained power for thirty months.
21
Q
Philip II
A
the king of ancient greek kingdom of macedon, was assassinated.
22
Q
Demosthenes
A
prominent greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens.
23
Q
Alexander
A
king of macedon
24
Q
Ptolemy
.
A
Egyptian writer of Alexandra, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in greek anthology.
25
Hephaestion.
Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of alexander the great.
26
Darius III
last king of the achaemenid empire of Persia.
27
Bessus
prominent Persian satrap of bactria in Persia. Killed darius lll.
28
Plato
a philosopher and mathematician in classical Greece, founder of academy of Athens and first institution of higher learning in western world
29
Scythian Archers:
served as a police force, keeping order in public gatherings
30
Corcyra
located in lonian sea, northern islands; important polis (city-state)
31
Syracuse
powerful city state, city of sicily
32
Macedon
home of the macedonians
33
Amphipolis
famous for the battle of Spartans and athenians
34
Chaeroneia:
many battles
35
Granicus river
Granicus river: first of 3 major battles fought between alexander the great and the Persian empire.
36
Issus:
: battle of issus, Hellenic league led by alex the great and achaemenid Persia led by darius lll.
37
Tyre:
trade, gave Europe its name
38
Alexandria
used for shipping
39
Gaugamela
: battle of Gaugamela; alexander the great invasion of Persia.
40
Persepolis:
“city of Persians”;
41
Hydaspes river
fought by alexander the great
42
Babylon
significant city in ancient Mesopotamia
43
Ptolemaic kingdom
Hellenistic kingdom
44
Seleucid kingdom
created by alexander the great
45
Antigonid kingdom
dynasty of Hellenistic kings descended from alexander the greats general
46
Theatron
: where the audience of greek tragedy sat to view the perfomance
47
City Dionysia
ancient dramatic festival in which tragedy, comedy, drama originated. Held in Athens
48
Oresteia
trilogy of greek tragedies written by Aeschylus concerning the end of the curse on the house of Atreus.
satyr play: tragicomedy, based on greek mythology, sexual, drunk.
49
Orchestra
dancing place of the chorus and the chief performance space.
50
Skene
background building connected to stage
51
Mechane
machine was a crane used in greek theatre. Device that lifted people in the air.
52
Ekkyklema
was a wheeled platform rolled out throught a skene. Used to bring interior scenes out into the sight of the audience.
53
deus ex machina
: unexpected power or even saving a hopeless situation, contrived plot device in a play or novel
54
protagonist
: leading character or one of the major characters
55
deuteragonist:
person second in importance to the protagonist
56
tritagonist:
third most important character of a narrative.
57
Greek chorus:
has certain amount of ppl, dance, sing, costumes
58
Thalassocracy:
state with primarily maritime realms, an empire at sea. Delian League
59
radical democracy:.
pay for service, Athenian citizens were paid by the state to participate in public affairs
60
old comedy:
first period of ancient greek comedy
61
middle comedy:
style of drama, and comedy represented from old comedy.
62
komos:
ritualistic drunken procession performed by revelers in ancient Greece.
63
Phallus:
erect private part
64
The Clouds:
comedy written by Aristophanes, revised three times.
65
Oedipus the King:
Athenian tragedy by Sophocles. Story of a man who becomes king of thebes.
66
Lenaea:
annual Athenian festival with a dramatic competition. Festival honoring Dionysos Lenaios.
67
Dyskolos:
greek comedy by menander, the only one of his plays, and of the whole new comedy.
68
Gymnasium.
: athletes competed nude, place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits
69
The Symposium:
philosophical text by plato. Purpose and nature of love
70
Erastes:
erotic relationship between an adult male and a younger male
71
Ereromenos
: adolescent boy who was courted by an older man, or in an erotic relationship with him.
72
Kinaidos:
men who play a feminine role in intercourse with other men.
73
Pathikos:
man being penetrated, submissive.
74
Peace of Nikias:
peace treaty signed between the greek
75
city states:.
Athens and Sparta
76
Sicilian Expedition:
Athenian military expedition to sicily
| Age of Hegemonies
77
2nd Athenian League:
military and political union of a number of ancient greek city states under the leadership of Athens. Purpose was for the domination in the Aegean sea and the black sea straits, also for the sources of raw materials.
78
Philippics:
fiery, damning speech, or tirade, delivered to condemn a particular political actor.
shrine of Amun-Re
79
What are some of the basic plot/costume/character elements of a Greek tragedy? of a Greek comedy?
The greek chorus: was the hardest thing for audience to understand. It was nonprofessionals (recruits, add ons to the play). They were trained by the poet to tell them what to do. 12 members per chorus in aeschylus time, upped to 15 by sophocles. Wore costumes and masks
80
Who were the three great Greek tragedians? Give some details on each of them.
Aeschylus: earliest; the best; archaic style (his most famous work= oresteia triology)
The story is about agamemnon when he returns from the trojan war.
Sophocles: he lives a very long time, and is the most succesful tragedian during his own lifetime. His plays have these strong central characters. His most famous work: theban plays
Euripides: dies in the same year. He was very popular after he died. Plays featured scandalous themes, a lot of plays about women (women that outsmart men, strong central charcters).
Medea is one of his famous plays: she kills her own children, and escapes at the end on her dragon chariot.
81
Describe the three different phases of Greek comedy. Which do we know the most about? the least?
Old comedy: earliest: aristotle tells us that comedy as a genre came from religion from a religious festival
It had connections with Dionysus: he partied, drank, and let loose
The gods called it Komos: which is where the word comedy came together
"the song of the komos"
Old comedy plots:
Comic hero is central, usually in a lower class man interested in self gratification, but still fundamentally good
Devises a fantastic scheme based on his dissatisfaction with society
Hero often opposed to chorus fights with an authority figure in an agon(contest)
He ends up winning, and he gets what he wants but in the later scenes it shows the outcome
At the end typically some sort of triumph and/or celebration
Middle comedy: offshoot of old comedy
No chorus, not political (no impersonation of public figures), generalized objects of ridicule
They don’t pick on individuals bc they don’t want to offend the wrong person
Themes of plays: mockery of myths
No plays survive in full ?? We don’t really know if we have middle comedy plays. Arisophanes plays start to have these types of comedies but we are not sure if there is even such thing
New Comedy
Drama now concerns average people and everyday life
Chance, money, and coincidence play large parts in the plays
Fate will save us in the end
Abstract gods appear in the plays if any
82
Compare and contrast what we know about Athenian women and Spartan women.
Sparta:
Not all men from sparta came from sparta, so the spartan men know more about the women role.
The women are meant to be mothers. They needed to give birth of warriors. They were trained to be strong to prepare for giving birth. They had cultural education as well, they received education that men did not such as: poetry, chorus stuff, and musical instruments. They were also trained to be competitive, so they had contests for choral contests, etc.
Spartan women would also be encouraged to be more asertive than typical greek women. They were encouraged to speak in public. There were female poets and philosophers. They received physical training. They also learned domestic stuff like weaving, but they were more of the one that was in charge of the household more than doing chores.
In terms of sports they would compete among each other. They did running, wrestling, discus, javelin, etc. Girls would compete in festivals. Girls and women would compete athletically. A lot suggest that they competed in nude, or a dorian peplos (woman's wrap with slit along the side for freedom of movement)
Home life: growing up girls live at home with mothers. (boys get shipped off for training). She has a lot of time with mom. Growing up there is not a lot of interactions with the opposite sex. Arranged marriage around 18 (which is late, bc most get married after puberty). They wanted to wait so they are more sexual mature because they wanted stronger babies. The women still lived at home with their children.
Sex life: married women could have sex with other married men. Unmarried men could borrow married women for making babies. Its legal under certain circumstances: older guy, younger girl, arranged married, he allows a younger guy to have sex with her for a better healthier baby. Men that did not want to get married, they ask other guys to have sex with their women. Incentives for women: multiple sons got special privileges. Male children were inspected at birth to make sure they are physically fit, if not they were left to die; unknown for girls, but there should have because they both have to produce a healthy child.
Wealthy women: women could own property and inherit land. Controlled use of their land and income from it. Men were so preoccupied with fighting that women took this role. They also kept the land after divorce, managed household slaves, generally did not do chores, but they could NOT participate in politics.
Athens:
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Life at athens was not as great as it was in sparta. Many women in athens married athenaean men, were almost treated as slaves. They would be able to go outside of the house for food, but they did a lot of slave work. One step up: second class: Metics are considered resident aliens. They worked in business/trades. They were able to own their own stands to trade, but at the same time they were heavily taxed. They cant vote or participate in politics.
Third class: were considered the athenaean women. The forth class were considered the hetairai: they were the high class. They received education, and they were high class prostitutes. They were expected to be well educated with the male customer, that’s why she needed to learn. They performed sexually, and were well educated.
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Citizen women: education was largely in domestic skills not expected to read and write. Largely segregated from boys in childhood. Had important roles in religious festivals, we have evidence of sculptures and art work that they did this. Had contact with other girls/women in the neighborhood.
Panathenaia: all athens festival
Every year they would replace the dress of the sculpture
Marriage: they were arranged by fathers. Brides learned domestic duties in months before. Important religious rites took place on night before marriage: ritual baths, hymns to hymen, god of marriage. Ceremony procession to groom's house. Then formal consummation in wedding chamber.
Contracts were between groom and father of bride. Dowry(property/ money brought to husband by bride) went to paternal uncle. P.u. could find her a new husband or take her in a as his own wife, if necessary. Married life for women= staying indoors, domestic work, having kids.
83
When someone says “Classical Athens,” what are they talking about? Why was it “classical?”
Describe some of the elements of the Athenian criminal justice system: officials, lawsuits and trials.
What do we know about Greek homosexuality? Describe the sources, the relationships and the stigmas.
Greek Girls and Sex
Generally segregated from boys as children= little to no sexual experimentation. Spends time with women, and don’t have the ability for any sexual orentation at all.
Supposed to be virgins at marriage, and if you werent no one would want to marry you. They were carefully supervised by slaves/ family.
They were heavily covered.
Regularly chaperoned outside of the house, dressed very modestly
Married shortly after puberty
Chastity and modestly expected after marriage
Greek Boys and Sex
Engaged in sexual experimentation as adolescents
You could not "date" freeborn girls
Marriage in ancient greeks are when youre 20. once you have enough property, you can do so by inheriting from their father.
If you wanted to have sex, you needed to have an alternative. Such as prostitutes
Lowest class= pornai (slave protestutes)
Middle=independent prostitutes (not citizen women)
Highest=hetairai(courtesans): trained in music, dance, rhetoric, etc. sophisticated but also impure. They had to engage with their lover in every way including sex
High class prostitutes: were expensive, only for primarily used by elites. Have long term relationships with the men. They wanted to get as much out of it as they could. It wasn’t just before you were married, but you were expected to see them in drinking parties (symposium). Time with a prostitute didn’t end when you got married
Life as a hetaira could mean social mobility: if you were a slave, if you decided to become a hetaira you could rise to fame.
Option 2: have sex with your slave
Option 3: love of boys (pederasty)
Greek pederasty: basics
These relationships seem to have been encouraged by the elite to a degree
Older men would prey on younger men(teens) at the gymnasium and elsewhere
Older men were attracted to younger men
These relationships involved eleaborate courting rituals and had acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
Some things were considered okay to do and some that werent.
Gymnasium ("the naked place")
Greek homosexuality: orgins
Perderasty connected with dorian initiation rites? Dorians (they kidnapped young boys and had sex with them, so it became engrained in greek culture) on crete would capture adolescents
Pederasty then (allegedly)migrated to the mainland
Spartans are dorians, in sparta they have the same thing in their military. When men were in the army they were encouraged to have sexual relations with the men. They believed that it would create a closer bond with their men.
Sources for Greek (male) homosexuality:
All over the place, but especially in art work and literature.
Best sources: plato, symposium (many dialogues when they talk about sex, and love)
Female homosexuality: largely a mystery
One important source:
Erastes: "lover" (who is the one that is doing the loving, he goes after the younger man)
Eromenos: "beloved" (the one being loved, the passive recipient)
Affiar ended once eromenos grew a beard
Older lover would use anal penetration, or penis between thighs
Erastes was a kind of substitute father for eromenos?
Helped the ermenos mature into manhood; there was something pedagogical about the relationship
Erastes gave presents to express affection=reciprocity
Presents like a hola hoop or animals (roosters)
Complicated: a lot didn’t follow the rules, the younger lover could be aroused, also the presents that you give were not necessarily educational. They were just for seduction
Age is not the deciding factor to have sex with, beauty was: big muscular, narrow waist, maine of hair, and a small penis
October 5
Homosexuality and shame:
Pathikos: the passive partner in a homosexual relationship
Kinaidos: man who allowed himself to be penetrated
Euruproktos: "wide assed" a common slur used to describe a kinaidos (especially in comedy)
Gymnasium:
People exercised naked
Had statues of eros, the god of love
Laws forbidding older men from hanging around the dressing rooms
Public sex seems to have been ok in ancient greece
Plato and sexuality:
Traditional-and flawed-views about greek homosexuality come in large part from him
symposium: plato defines two types of love and procreation: physical and spiritual (this is the lower of the two)
Spiritual love is on a higher level
Homoerotic love is superior to other types of love: it creates knowledge and wisdom in erastes and eromenos
