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BMS 335 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail) Proteins and Lipids

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2
Q

what kind of bonds are in the membrane?

A

CIs double bonds

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3
Q

T/F Cholesterol can change properties of the cell membrane

A

T-Stiffens

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4
Q

T/F The cell membrane is symmetrical

A

False but when cells die asymmetry is lost

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5
Q

What are the types of proteins involved in transport across a membrane?

A

Carrier Protein and Channel Proteins

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6
Q

What do carrier proteins transport across a cell membrane?

A

Solutes

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7
Q

What do Channel Proteins Carry across a Cell?

A

Ions

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8
Q

What are the two types of ion channels?

A

Gated and open

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9
Q

T/F Are the open channels always open?

A

T

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10
Q

What is another name for an open channel?

A

Leak Channels

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11
Q

What can go through an open channel?

A

K+

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12
Q

What two ways can a gated channel be opened?

A

Voltage (Na+ or K+) or A Ligand binding (Na+)

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13
Q

What binds to a ligand binding gated channel?

A

Na+

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14
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Electrical difference between inside and outside the cell

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15
Q

Is the outside or inside of the cell more negative?

A

Inside

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16
Q

What is found in the extracellular fluid in terms of ions?

A

Na+,Cl-, K+ (Mostly Na+)

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17
Q

Why is the inside of the cell much more negative?

A

Large negatively charged proteins cannot get out along with NaKATPase

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18
Q

What is the goldman equation used for?

A

To calculate resting memberane potential

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19
Q

What is the electrochemical gradiet?

A

Electrical gradient (electrical difference) + Chemical gradient (Ion concentrarion difference)

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20
Q

What is the permeability of a membrane dependent on?

A

opening of channels

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21
Q

T/F K+ is higher outside the cell or inside?

A

F -Na+ is higher outside the cell

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22
Q

At rest, are the Na+ channels open or closed?

A

Closed, cell membrane has low permeability

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23
Q

At rest, what can go inside and outside a cell?

A

K+

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24
Q

What initiates an action potential?

A

Depolarization to a threshold and then Na+ goes in.

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25
Q

At what voltage do Na+ channels close?

A

+50

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26
Q

What is the threshold of depolarization?

A

-65

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27
Q

What if extracellular K+ increased?

A

Hyperkalemia

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28
Q

How would the electrochemical gradient for K+ be affected if extracellular K+ increased?

A

K+ has more driving force to move inside a cell

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29
Q

What would happen to the resting membrane potential if K+ increased extracellularly?

A

It would decrease, Become less negative and move closer to zero

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30
Q

What would happen to the action potential if K+ increased extracellularly?

A

It would move closer to threshold and more likely to occur

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31
Q

What is Hyponatremia?

A

Decrease in Na+ outside the cell

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32
Q

How would the electrochemical gradient for Na+ be affected if extracellular Na+ decreased?

A

Less driving force to move in

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33
Q

How would the resting membrane potential for Na+ be affected if extracellular Na+ decreased?

A

Nothing woukld happen

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34
Q

What would happen to the action potential if Na+ decreased extracellularly?

A

smaller action potential

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35
Q

What might happen to water balance inside the cells if extracellular Na+ decreased?

A

Acute water intoxication-Too much Na+ going in the cell

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36
Q

What is acute water intoxication caused by?

A

hyponatremia

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37
Q

Where is Glycocalyx located?

A

On the extracellular surface of cells

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38
Q

T/F the extracellular matrix is part of the cell

A

F but secreted by cells that interact with it

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39
Q

What is glycolayx made of?

A

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

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40
Q

What is a glycolipid or glycoprotein?

A

Polysaccharides attached to proteins or lipids associated with the membrane

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41
Q

Is a glycoprotein a polypeptide?

A

Yes, attached to a polysaccharide

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42
Q

What are glycoproteins structure?

A

there is an amino acid sequence on the protein portion and monosaccarides combo of polysacc

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43
Q

Which portion is associated with the membrane in glycoproteins?

A

The protein portion

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44
Q

What portion of the glycoprotein gives height ansd thickness?

A

The saccharide portion

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45
Q

What are glycolipids made of?

A

polysaccahrides bound to membrane lipids

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46
Q

Is there branching in glycolipids?

A

Yes combinations of monosaccarides

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47
Q

What are the most complex glycolipids?

A

gangliosides

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48
Q

What do gangliosides do?

A

Receptors for bacterial toxins

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49
Q

T/F Glycocalyx is a protective barrier

A

True-prevents bacterial invasion

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50
Q

what is the function of glycolayx?

A

Differentiate organisms own tissue from transplanted tissues and cells, protective barrier and intercellular adhesion (tissue formation and blood clot)

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51
Q

What are some exmples of glycocalyx?

A

Blood group antigens, digestive enzymes, Avain Flu receptor

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52
Q

What are human blood group antigens?

A

A,AB and O (O is the universal donor) A is an O with another sugar

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53
Q

What are M cells?

A

Antigen sampling cells where glycolaxyx is shorter and sparser making them more sucesptible to salmonella.

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54
Q

What does H5N1 attach to?

A

A specific glycoprotein found in the mid region of avain lungs and deep in the human lungs

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55
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

the stuff the cell sits in

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56
Q

T/F The ECM takes up more volume then cells do

A

T

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57
Q

Where is the ECM most prominent?

A

Connective tissue,and even more plentiful than cells.

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58
Q

What are the components of the ECM in connective tissue?

A

Fibers, Glycose amikno glycans (GAGS), and other proteins

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59
Q

What are GAGS attached to?

A

Proteoglycans

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60
Q

Where are GAGS found?

A

Connective tissue

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61
Q

What are proteoglycans made of?

A

Protein Core with Carbohydrate chains attached to make a GAG.

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62
Q

T/F There is a variable number of GAG chains in a proteoglycan

A

T

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63
Q

What determines the function of proteoglycans?

A

Associated GAG chains

64
Q

What are the function of proteoglycans?

A

Attract water to provide a well hydrated matrix, withstand compressive foreces,cell migration during development and repair,
filteration,binding sites and attachment to fibrous elements

65
Q

Where are proteoglycans found?

A

ECM of connective tissue

66
Q

Where is hyaluronic Acid Found?

A

ECM in the dermis of the skin

67
Q

What is the function of Hyaluroic Acid?

A

It pulls in water to help plump the skin

68
Q

Why are shar peis wrinkly?

A

Overproduction of hyaluronic Acid

69
Q

What fibers are found in the ECM?

A

Collagen and elastin

70
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

A

16

71
Q

T/F do different tissues have different types of collagwen?

A

Yes

72
Q

Is collagen a protein?

A

Yes, its a fibeal made of collagen molecules

73
Q

Where is collagen synthesized?

A

Inside a cell

74
Q

Where does ollagen assemble.

A

Outside a cell into a fibril

75
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Gives tissue strength and its arrangement determines amount of force

76
Q

Where can very strong collagen fibers be ffound?

A

In ligaments (strong in 1 direction)

77
Q

What causes Ehlers Danlos syndrome?

A

Defect in collagen synthesis causing cutis hyperelastica

78
Q

What are elastic fibers made of?

A

A network of elastin molecules

79
Q

T/F Elatic fibers are coiled when relaxed

A

T but shows crosslinking when stretched

80
Q

What is the function of elastic fibers?

A

Tissue elasticity

81
Q

Where are elastin fibers found?

A

Skin, Aorta, Lung

82
Q

What is elastin broken down by?

A

Elastase

83
Q

What is the breakdown of ellastic fibers essential for?

A

Tissue remodeling

84
Q

What condition confers excessive elastase production in the alveloli?

A

Emphysema

85
Q

T/F Intracellular signaling parhways only take one step

A

False-They are multistep

86
Q

T/F intracellular signaling pathways are the cause of allergic reactions to the same molecule in two diiferent tissues

A

True

87
Q

T/F Intracellular signaling pathways prevdnt disease and prevent things from going wrong

A

False

88
Q

T/F opening and closing of channels and changes in membrane permeability only takes seconds after pertubation

A

T

89
Q

T/F Transcrptional events take weeks

A

False, They take hours

90
Q

How long does signaling take to start phosphorylation?

A

Minutes

91
Q

What does signaling tell cells to do?

A

Survive, Divide, Differentiate, die

92
Q

What makes up a signaling cascade?

A

Receptor,
Relayer, Second Messengers/Effectors
Target Protein

93
Q 
Which are cell surface receptors? 
A. Membrane Channels
B. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
C. Enzyme linked Receptors
D. Histone Receptors
E. Pattern Recognition Receptors
F. Cytokine Receptors
G. All of the Above
E. A,B,C,E,F
A

E.

94
Q

How does a ion channel linked receptor work?

A

A signal molecule comes through and binds to open the channel

95
Q

How does a G protein linked receptor work?

A

A g protein comes along and binds to the receptor and a signal molecule binds. The G protein then binds to the enzyme activating it.

96
Q

T/F a dimer bind to a catalytic domain in an enzyme linked receptor

A

T

97
Q

What type of cell surface receptor is involved in innate immunity?

A

Pattern recognition receptors-Toll like receptors

98
Q

Where can toll like receptors be found

A

On the surface of a cell as pattern recognition receptors or on the endosome inside the cell

99
Q

How are molecular switches turned on?

A

Kinase through phosphorylation

GTP Binding Protein (3 phos)

100
Q

T/F GDP turns a signal on

A

F, it turns it off

101
Q

What do GPCR’s bind?

A

Trimeric G proteins

102
Q

What binds to activate a G protein coupled receptor?

A

GTP (Alpha Beta or gamma subunit)

103
Q

What is the function of the subunits in GPCR’s?

A

They activate different second messengers

104
Q

How many Histamine receptors are there?

A

4

105
Q

What determines the sensitivity of a tissue to histamine?

A

What type of receptor on the cell

106
Q

Where is histamine most abundant?

A

Skin, GI, Lungs

107
Q

What is the source of histamine in an allergic response?

A

Mast cells

108
Q

What does histamine affect that display symptoms of an allergic reaction?

A

Blood Vessels (increased blood flow, vascular permeability and vasodilation)

109
Q

Which Histamine Receptor is Responsible for Allergic Reactions?

A

H1

110
Q

What is the H2 receptor responsible for?

A

gastric acid secretion

111
Q

Where is the H1 receptor found?

A

smooth muscle and endothelial cells

112
Q

What does the H4 receptor do?

A

regulation of immune response

113
Q

What does the H3 receptor do?

A

modulates neurotransmission

114
Q

What causes the itching in hives?

A

Mast cell degranulation

115
Q

What is H1 coupled with and what becomes activated?

A

Gq alpha subunit which then activates

phospholipse C-Beta

116
Q

What comes binds to the Gq subunit for activation?

A

GTP

117
Q

What does Gq activate?

A

Phospholipse C and IP3 pathways

118
Q

What are the products of the cleaved PLC-beta?

A

PI 4,5 bis phosphate and diacylglycerol

119
Q

Where does the IP3 bind to its receptor?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum-Ca+ is released to the cytosol

120
Q

T/F diacylglycerol is a second messenger

A

T-it activates PKC which phosphorylates

121
Q

How many subunits does a G protein have?

A

7

122
Q

How many subunit parts do enzyme coupled receptors have?

A

1

123
Q

How do RTKs become activated?

A

A ligand binds to receptor exracellular and on the cystolic side tyrosine side chains phosphorylate relaying signals in the cell.

124
Q

T/F After a ligand binds to a RTK it dimereses causing two domains to cross phosphorylate

A

True

125
Q

What does cross phosphorylation on RTKs do?

A

Signaling complex or complete activation

126
Q

How is Ras activated?

A

GTP binds

127
Q

What does ras activate?

A

MAP kinase cascade to activate growth hormone via a cascade

128
Q

What are the targets of MAP kinase?

A

Protein X and Y and Gene regulatory protein A and B

129
Q

What do proteins X and Y signal?

A

Change in protein activity

130
Q

What do gene regulatory protein A and B do?

A

Change in gene expression

131
Q

What does NF-kappa B control?

A

Transcription of DNA, cell survival and cytokine production.

132
Q

Is NF-Kappa B a transcription factor?

A

Yes and does not require protein synthesis

133
Q

What does NF Kappa B depend on to become activated?

A

Degradtion of IKB kinase

134
Q

What is Jak/Stat pathway?

A

STAT is a transcription factor and Jaks goal is to phosphorylate STAT.

135
Q

Name the types of intercellular pathways

A

endocrine,paracrine, contact dependent, and synaptic

136
Q

What is the growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

137
Q

Where is somatotropin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

138
Q

What does somatotropin act through?

A

Growth hormone receptor

139
Q

What are the target organs for growth hormone?

A

Liver, Bone Growth, release of fatty acids, skeletal muscle

140
Q

What does human growth hormane deficiency do?

A

decreases fat and prevents loss in muscle mass

141
Q

Where are STAT Proteins located?

A

cytosol

142
Q

What activates the Jak/STAT pathway?

A

cytokine receptors, growth hormone and proclactin

143
Q

What phosphorylates STAT?

A

Jaks

144
Q

What type of receptor does growth hormone bind to?

A

enzyme linked

145
Q

Where iks IGF-1 synthesized?

A

Liver as a growth hormone

146
Q

Do large or smaller dogs have higher levels of IGH-1

A

larger

147
Q

What does Bovine Somatotropin do?

A

stimulate IGF-1 production in the liver, survival of mammary alveolaar cells

148
Q

What is Cyclic AMP?

A

cAmp - second messenger

149
Q

What enzyme makes cyclic amp?

A

adenyl cyclase

150
Q

What does cAMP activate?

A

protein kinase A (PKA)

151
Q

what are caspases?

A

conserved cysteine proteases

152
Q

What initiates programmed cell death?

A

initiator caspases

153
Q

what is an executioner caspase?

A

Mass proteolyses leading to apoposis

154
Q

What leaks into the cytoplasm from the mitochondra? in the extrinsic pathway?

A

Cytochrome C

155
Q

What activates the intrinsic pathway?

A

Oxidative stress, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation

BMS 335 (1 decks)

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